Normal function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for survival, and its development choreographed age-, sex- context-specific actions. The liver influences HPA ontogeny, integrating diverse endocrine signals that inhibit or activate development. This review examines how developmental changes in expression genes coordinate postnatal multiple systems facilitate maturati...

The cururu stingray Potamotrygon cf. histrix, a new and endemic Amazonian freshwater species, presents appropriate characteristics for fish keeping and is exploited from its natural environment. The present study identified the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of this species. Gonads from adult male specimens were dissected, fixed and processed for histological analysis. The testes were...

Testicular torsion and detorsion are important clinical problems for infertile man. In fact, torsion of the spermatic cord is an emergency that results from rotation of the testis and epididymis around the axis of the spermatic cord. Male factor infertility accounts for up to half of all cases of infertility and affects one man in 20 in the general population [1]. While the annual incidence of ...

Testicular function and future fertility may be affected by cancer treatment during childhood. Whilst survival of the germ (stem) cells is critical for ensuring the potential for fertility in these patients, the somatic cell populations also play a crucial role in providing a suitable environment to support germ cell maintenance and subsequent development. Regulation of the spermatogonial germ-...

Mammalian testis is a target organ for thyroid hormones (Jannini et al., 1995; Aruldhas, 2002). Testis is an exocrine organ because it produces sperm and it is also an endocrine organ producing hormones (MendisHandagama, 2012). Histologically, the testis consists of three major cell types: Leydig cell (LCs) (steroidogenic cells), Sertoli cells (SCs) (nursery cells) and germ cells (GCs). LCs lie...

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) in males predominantly arise from testicular tissue, but 2e5% arise in extragonadal sites with no evidence of a primary testicular tumor, thus called extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs). They mostly arise in the mid-axis of the body; 50e70% in the mediastinum, 30e40% in the retroperitoneal space, and fewer arise in the pineal gland and the suprasellar region. Few occur...

context to review and summarize the literature regarding the current status of postchemotherapy laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (pcl-rplnd) in patients with testicular germ cell tumor. evidence acquisition a comprehensive review of the english literature was performed using the pubmed database using the terms “laparoscopy” or “laparoscopic”, retroperitoneal lymph node dissect...

Orexins, hypothalamic neuropeptides initially involved in the control of food intake and sleep-wake cycle, have recently emerged as pleiotropic regulators of different biological systems, including the reproductive axis. Besides central actions, peripheral expression and functions of orexins have been reported, and prepro-orexin and orexin type-1 receptor mRNAs have been detected in the testis....