The change in the relationship between public enterprise and the state is, however, not new. It has been a continuing process since the establishment of public enterprises. A historical analysis of this process is therefore important. This paper focuses on the Post, Telegraph and Telephone Company (PTT) 2. The goal of this paper is not only to shed light on the fascinating history of the State ...

In this paper, we consider a nonhomogeneous space-time fractional telegraph equation defined in a bounded space domain, which is obtained from the standard telegraph equation by replacing the firstor second-order time derivative by the Caputo fractional derivative Dt , α > 0; and the Laplacian operator by the fractional Laplacian (−∆) , β ∈ (0, 2]. We discuss and derive the analytical solutions...

Temperature time traces are obtained in turbulent thermal convection at high Rayleigh numbers. Measurements are made in the midplane of the apparatus, near the sidewall but outside the boundary layer. A telegraph approximation for temperature traces is generated by setting the fluctuation amplitude to 1 or 0 depending on whether or not it exceeds the mean value. Unlike the standard diagnostics ...

This case study analyzes the invention of the telephone by Alexan-der Graham Bell. But to understand this act of creative design, we have to analyze Bell's earlier research goals. We abstract Bell's research method and the reasoning mechanisms he used that appear time and again in long-term creative problem solving and design. 1 Case Study This case study analyzes some important reasoning steps...

"I'll put a girdle round the earth In forty minutes"? shall be effected by more legitimate and trustworthy, although less immaterial agency. A little before sunrise on the 5th of August, the American termination of the Atlantic telegraph cable was landed in the Bull's Arm inlet of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, and the deflection of the magnetic needles, attached to the termination of the cable imm...

Thomas Edison was developing a device that could record, then replay at high speed, telegraph signals when he made the first recording of the human voice (Phonograph, 1877). Elisha Gray, who came a close second to Alexander Graham Bell for the title of inventor of the telephone, instead is known as the inventor of the first of the early electronic musical instruments (Musical Telegraph, 1875). ...

We consider a model for systems perturbed by dichotomous noise, in which the hazard rate function of a random lifetime is subject to additive time-alternating perturbations described by the telegraph process. This leads us to define a real-valued continuous-time stochastic process of alternating type expressed in terms of the integrated telegraph process for which we obtain the probability dist...

In this paper we develop a financial market model based on continuous time random motions with alternating constant velocities and with jumps occurring when the velocity switches. If jump directions are in the certain correspondence with the velocity directions of the underlying random motion with respect to the interest rate, the model is free of arbitrage and complete. Memory effects of this ...

Technology always had an impact on financial markets. Often, as in the case of the telegraph, it was the use of new technology in the financial realm that necessitated the installation of the new network. Moreover, frequently, the introduction of new technology had tremendous and sometimes unexpected effects on the structure of financial markets. For example, many historians explain the eventua...

In this paper, we approximate the solution to time-fractional telegraph equation by two kinds of difference methods: the Grünwald formula and Caputo fractional difference.