Ocean winds in the Baltic Sea are expected to power many wind farms in the coming years. This study examines satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from Envisat ASAR for mapping wind resources with high spatial resolution. Around 900 collocated pairs of wind speed from SAR wind maps and from 10 meteorological masts, established specifically for wind energy in the study area, are compar...

introduction morphological segmentation of land surface is commonly used for land surface allocation in management and environmental sciences. the first step in assigning a piece of land to a specific application is to divide it into homogeneous morphological segments. traditional field-based geomorphological mapping can be time consuming, costly, and challenging when large areas, particularly ...

Two consecutive summer upwelling events, each lasting for less than 24 h, were surveyed in high temporal and vertical resolution close to the Boknis Eck time-series station (BE) in the western Belt Sea (Baltic Sea) in summer 2010 with an autonomous glider. Driven only by moderate offshore winds both events resulted in more than 5 K cooling of surface waters, while only for the second event were...

Space-based observations of ocean surface winds have been available for more than 25 years. To combine the observations from multiple sensors into one record with the accuracy required for climate studies requires a consistentmethodology and calibration standard for the various instruments. This study describes a new geophysical model function (GMF) specifically developed for preparing the Quik...

A model for the effects of rain on scatterometer data is proposed. Data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) and the SeaWinds scatterometer, both on the Midori-II satellite, are used. The model includes three basic rain effects: attenuation, rain roughening of the sea surface, and volumetric backscatter. Attenuation is calculated directly from the radiometer data and beam fill...

to enhance the understanding of the impact of obstacle buildings on pollution transportationand dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer, it is necessary to know the atmospheric flow characteristics over terrains. wind flow characteristics in a boundary layer over a step-shaped cliff topography model with rough and smooth surfaces were studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics ...

asymptotically exact and nonlocal third order nonlinear evolution equations are derivedfor two counterpropagating surface capillary gravity wave packets in deep water in thepresence of wind flowing over water.from these evolution equations stability analysis ismade for a uniform standing surface capillary gravity wave trains for longitudinal perturbation. instability condition is obtained and g...

Wind catchers are traditional natural ventilation systems attached to buildings in order to ventilate the indoor air. The most common type of wind catcher is four sided one which is capable to catch wind in all directions. CFD simulation is the perfect way to evaluate the wind catcher performance. The accuracy of CFD results is the issue of concern, so sensitivity analyses is crucial to find ou...