Transient trapping/detrapping of electrons at the Si~100!/SiO2 outer surface is studied studied in vacuum or with an O2 ambient ~between 10 23 and 30 Torr! following internal electron photoemission from Si. Photoemission-current ~produced by a 150 fs, 800 nm laser source! and contact-potential-difference techniques were used to investigate a wide variety of nand p-doped samples at 300 K with th...

In this study of zinc nickel single-flow batteries (ZNB), the ion concentration of the convection area and the electrode surface of the battery runner were investigated first. Then, the relationships between the electrode over-potential (or equilibrium potential) and the charge time were studied. This was based on the electrochemical reaction rate equation and the equilibrium potential equation...

Secondary electron (SE) emission from spacecraft surfaces as a result of energetic electron bombardment is a key process in the electrical charging of spacecraft. It has been suggested that incorporating more complete knowledge of the energyand angular-distributions of secondary electrons is necessary to fully model how SE emission and spacecraft charging are affected by re-adsorption of low en...

Understanding of various charging processes of dust grains is important in many different industrial applications as well as in the space research and theoretical studies of charging. An impact of energetic ions onto a dust grain leads to transfer of charge to the grain. This effect increases the charge of the dust grain until an equilibrium value is reached. After charging, the ion beam is swi...

Environmental crisis and shortage of fossil fuels make Electric Vehicles (EVs) alternatives for conventional vehicles. With growing numbers of EVs, the coordinated charging is necessary to prevent problems such as large peaks and power losses for grid and to minimize charging costs of EVs for EV owners. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimal charging schedule based on Dynamic Programming (DP...

The intrinsic charging status at the dielectric-electrolyte interface (DEI) plays a critical role for electrofluidic gating in microfluidics and nanofluidics, which offers opportunities for integration of wet ionics with dry electronics. A convenient approach to quantitatively probe the surface charges at the DEI for material pre-selection purpose has been lacking so far. We report here a low-c...

[1] The lunar surface represents a complex plasma environment due to the presence of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the incoming solar wind flux and charged, levitated micron‐ and sub‐micron sized dust particles. Photoemission due to solar UV radiation dominates the charging environment, creating a photoelectron sheath above the lunar surface. To further investigate the dusty plasma environm...

In plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), a high voltage pulsed bias is applied to a substrate to accelerate ions from a surrounding plasma for implantation beneath the surface. This technique is often used to modify the surface properties of materials. For example, the intrinsic stress of thin films can be lowered, resulting in improved adhesion. For conducting samples, the energy of the in...