In universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), session management (SM) maintains a communication session between a user equipment (UE) and the core network. 3GPP TS 24.008 specifies the SM functions and the communication protocols between the UE and the core network. However, the interaction between the SM and other entities in the UE are not specified in detail. This paper designs and i...

We propose an efficient mechanism for the setup of UE(User Equipment)initiated tunnels in 3GPP(3rd Generation Project Partnership)-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) interworking. The proposed mechanism is based on a secret key which is pre-distributed in the process of authentication and key agreement between UE and 3GPP AAA(Authentication Authorization Accounting) server. Therefore it can avoi...

In Long Term Evolution (LTE), the cells (the radio coverages of base stations) are grouped into the Tracking Areas (TAs), and the TAs are further grouped into the TA List (TAL). The location of the User Equipment (UE) is tracked at the TAL level. To better capture the “movement locality” of the UE, when the UE leaves the current TAL, the UE is assigned a new TAL whose central TA is the TA where...

The reference scenario in this paper is a single cell in a Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system, where multiple user equipments (UEs) aim at uploading some data to a central server or to the Cloud. The traditional uploading technique used in cellular systems, i.e., with separate links from each UE to the eNodeB, is compared to innovative relay-based schemes that exploit Device-to-Device ...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) to Dutch and to validate the translated version. METHODS The TESS lower and upper extremity versions (LE and UE) were translated to Dutch according to international guidelines. The translated version was validated in 98 patients with surgically treated bone or soft tissue tumors of t...

BACKGROUND The use of both upper extremities (UE) is necessary for the completion of many everyday tasks. Few clinical assessments measure the abilities of the UEs to work together; rather, they assess unilateral function and compare it between affected and unaffected UEs. Furthermore, clinical assessments are unable to measure function that occurs in the real-world, outside the clinic. This st...

—Massive Distributed Antenna System (DAS) with energy harvesting can promisingly satisfy the ever-growing wireless transmission requirements while providing sustainable power supply to the User Equipment (UE). In this paper, we propose a massive DAS with multiple-circle layout, where a large number of Remote Antenna Units (RAUs) are evenly distributed across these circles. Based on the instant...

Children with brachial plexus birth palsy, burns, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury and upper limb malformations may have diminished ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) due to limited upper extremity (UE) motion. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques provide a way to document multi-planar functional limitations in the UE. These techniques have not been routinely used for t...

The TDOA approach is qualitatively different in networkbased positioning systems from the mobile-based positioning systems. In network-based systems, the TDOAs are the time difference of arrival of a signal sent by the UE (User Equipment) and received by several BSs (Base Station). Conversely, in mobile-based systems the TDOAs are equal to differences in pairs of BS TOAs (Time of Arrival) measu...

BACKGROUND Potentially harmful unplanned extubation (UE) may occur in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of UE and its impact on clinical outcomes in patients with MV in a medical ICU (MICU). METHODS We retrospectively evaluated MICU data prospectively collected between December 2011 and Ma...