The first-ever legally binding global climate deal that will be adopted by 195 countries was introduced in Paris in 2015, highlighting that climate change is being recognised as a real and urgent global problem. Legislative interventions need to be accompanied by significant action across all sectors of the built environment through reducing energy demand, providing energy supply from low carbo...

The VM/370 Security Retrofit Program is a continuing research and development initiative, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), with additional funding provided by the Canadian Department of N ational Defense. The program's primary goal is the security retrofit of a popular commercial operating system, VM/370. 1 Two approaches were originally planned: (1) the design o...

Gas sweetening using amines is an important gas treatment process. Existing gas sweetening units may be revamped to achieve a variety of aims, for example to expand processing capacity, to reduce operating costs, to accommodate a different feed, to reduce emissions levels, etc. Current practice for retrofit design is to use engineering judgement and experience and simulation studies to identify...

A crucial requirement to promote and sustain energy conservation measures in buildings is the ability to perform careful and reliable appraisals of exactly how much energy has been saved. This paper briefly describes the general issues involved and then focuses on commercial buildings where retrofits are made in order to reduce energy consumption in hot water, chilled water and in electricity c...

This paper describes an experimental program that deals with retrofitting of infill un-reinforced masonry walls (URM) with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). The primary objective of this research is to develop a retrofit strategy that while economical will minimize the influence of the retrofit on the overall performance of structural frames in predominant seismic regions. Allowing some damage to...

This research focused on developing reliability-based seismic retrofit assessment procedures for highway bridge columns. Fragility curves were developed to assess the relative performance of various retrofit methods considering several limit states. Analytical fragility curves are developed from scaled earthquake records and structural response models. A simplified, single-degree-of-freedom (SD...

Heat Exchanger Networks (HENs) are commonly represented on grid diagrams (GD). However, the traditional GD has some drawbacks with regard to calculation and evaluation. In this paper a representation of HENs in the form of a matrix called HEN Steam Matrix (HENSM) is presented. This numerical way has some advantages over graphical representation. In HENSM the heat exchangers are arranged in orde...

This paper presents the retrofit of five conventional distillation trains for the separation of quaternary mixtures of hydrocarbons for feed compositions with high or low content of intermediate components. The retrofit implies the incorporation of liquid or vapour recycle streams among the conventional distillation columns. Each recycle stream removes one condenser or one reboiler. The introdu...

A centerpiece of modern software development is refactoring. Software Product Lines (SPLs), a major software development paradigm, lack tools to refactor Java SPL codebases. X15 introduces our new set of design guidelines, techniques, and language constructs to (1) express feature-based Java SPLs using only Java custom annotations, (2) view programs of the SPL, (3) edit views, automatically pro...

When children of diverse disabilities and students with ELL rulings are included in traditional classrooms, regular education teachers face a dilemma: How to teach the standard curriculum and teach the new inclusion students? How do they teach students with different heritages and linguistic backgrounds? Differentiated Instruction (DI) is content, process, and product related to student learnin...