were hard, particularly the right, the tension of which was + 3. Oil questioning the patient, she states that she never felt any uneasiness in the eyes, but a sharp pain referred to the supra-orbital notch on the right side, which commenced three years ago, and with it gradual loss of sight in the eye of the same side. Yision on the left side began to fail about a year since. Ophthalmoscopic ex...

OBJECTIVE This article describes the application of quality improvement methodology to implement a measurement tool for the assessment of functional status in pediatric patients with chronic pain referred for behavioral intervention. METHODS The Functional Disability Inventory (FDI), a validated instrument for assessment of pain-related disability, was chosen as the primary clinical outcome m...

Dorsal root ganglion neurones with dichotomising axons are present in several species and are considered to play a role in referred pain. Clinically, patients with lesions in the lower lumbar discs occasionally complain of pain in the groin. We investigated the existence of dichotomising afferent neurones projecting axons both to the lumbar disc and to the groin skin, using the double fluoresce...

This paper discusses the defi nition of a common, but incompletely understood syndrome associated with soft tissue pain, referred to as myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). It begins with a description of the syndrome and its frequently associated fi nding, the myofascial trigger point (MTrP). The paper describes current published data about biochemical, mechanical, and physical properties of the MT...

Despite the efforts of the International Association for the Study of Pain [6,21], confusion still persists amongst clinicians about the definitions of back pain, referred pain, radicular pain, and radiculopathy. Basic scientists now stand to inherit this confusion as they develop animal models of back pain [7]. Pivotal to the definition of these entities are seminal studies undertaken 50, 60, ...

Lewis433 demonstrated that stimulation of "myofacial" structures, i.e., muscle, periosteum, and ligaments, cause pain quite similar to visceral pain. Lewis433 stimulated referred pain in 94% of experimental injection of 6% normal saline into deep skeletal structures of 28 normal volunteers. The pattern of referred pain was quite consistent, although not confined to the injected dermatomal segment.

A new multimodal pain assessment model was developed integrating electrical, mechanical, cold, and warmth stimuli into the same device. The device, with a bag and electrodes for electrical stimulation, was positioned in the lower part of the esophagus in 11 healthy subjects. Mechanical stimuli were delivered with an impedance planimetric system. Thermal stimuli were performed by circulating wat...