the present article is to analyze the history of the two dutch companies were activate in the field of import and export. one of them is hotz & zoon that we would offer its managers' biographies alongside many of their original initiatives the iranian further developments owe them. then, the history of iran's first real department-store (the teheran toko) as well as three dutch retail...

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Iranian vernacular architecture has rich experiences in terms of coordinating with its surroundings. although, high energy consumption was one the major concerns past decades. According to statistics presented by Statistics Center, 40% country's is relevant construction industry. However, about 70% used solely for space heating and cooling. In meantime, windows have a significant influence on t...

Persian gardens are valuable historical and cultural human-built landscapes however, deteriorating gradually. Thus, comprehensive studies would be helpful in obtaining deeper insights into different aspects meaning of gardens. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to review the EmaratBirooni garden Urmia (Campus University) as it is only remnant Qajar period demonstrating a clear image p...

A new model of relations emerged in schools after the establishment educational centers Iran mid-Qajar era. The cultural authorities time were particularly interested school health, which was adopted as a principle from European, French, systems. During period 1925 to 1941, with special attention Western models education, health changed more and more. This study provides descriptive-analytical ...

Royal Portraiture is one of the last Iranian miniature styles which more or less can be considered a Synthesis Style and European elements. This style was inspired by Westernization, but underwent important changes during Qajar era. In this research, tries to analyze interpret its ruptures that occurred in era Mohammad Shah. The main issue present project study ways rupture consequences were vi...