OBJECTIVE Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in many Intensive Care Units worldwide. Immunosuppression has been a primary focus of sepsis research as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Given the important role of the negative costimulatory molecules programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the occurrence of immunosuppression during sepsis, we reviewed litera...

Programmed cell death protein-1 and programmed ligand-1 pathway activation play a vital role that can be modulated by tumor cells to blunt host immune surveillance. Periphery expression level on cluster of differentiation 4+ 8+ T lymphocytes 185 female patients first diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute Hospital were analyzed multicolor flo...