Nearly one quarter of New Zealand’s unique vascular plant flora is threatened, and weed invasion is implicated in the decline of more than half of these threatened species. However, there is little experimental evidence showing that invasive weeds have a direct impact on threatened native plants. This study experimentally tested the hypothesis that competition with invasive weeds threatens the ...

[1] One hundred seven thermal gradients were measured in shallow surface sediments using the submersible Alvin within a 0.5 km area on and around the 65-m-high, mostly sediment-covered Baby Bare outcrop located on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Heat flow values range from 0.35 W m , which is close to the average value (0.27 W m ) for the sediment-buried 3.5-Myr-old crust surroundi...

The renowned Festningen section in the outer part of Isfjorden, western Spitsbergen, offers a c. 7 km-long nearly continuous stratigraphic Lower Carboniferous to Cenozoic strata, spanning 300 million years geological history. Tectonic deformation associated with Paleogene West-Spitsbergen-Fold-and-Thrust belt tilted strata near-vertical, allowing easy access along shoreline. is regionally impor...

Introduction: The Mars Exploration Rover Oppo-tunity has been exploring a portion of Meridiani Planum and has encountered a number of surface materials. These include light-toned sulfate-rich outcrop (the Burns Formation), basaltic sand, hematite-rich spherules, and, less commonly, dark-toned cobbles and dark-toned rind and fracture fill materials. The nature of the outcrop has been extensively...

Carbon isotope compositions of organic matter in fine-grained siliciclastic units deposited above and below glacial diamictite at the base of the ca. 2.45–2.22 Ga Huronian Supergroup in Ontario, Canada were studied to constrain relationships between profound fluctuations in the exogenic carbon cycle and dramatic climate changes at the beginning of the Proterozoic Eon. In both drill core and out...

In this work, the application of consumer-grade virtual reality (VR) hardware and software to analysis digital outcrop data is explored. Here, we utilize a widely available VR platform (HTC Vive) based freeform 3D visual arts package (Google Tilt Brush), digitize fault traces from photo-textured models exposures Penrith Sandstone Formation (Lacy's Caves), in northwest England. Using MATLAB rout...