Since the eleventh century, the establishment of municipal institutions (Concelhos) in Portugal followed the process of creation of the country itself. Military reasons were present in this association because of the constant state of war with bordering Islam. The Concelhos helped to secure the conquests through the settlement of population. However we find this is only a partial description of...

This paper explores the workings of strati ed societies in which there is primogeniture and where the nobility practice monogamous marriage with a double standard of sexual delity. The paper models a simple strati ed society and de nes the reproductive values of male and female nobility relative to that of commoners. It goes on to explore implications of the hypothesis that preferences have evo...

Load balancing across a networked environment is a monotonous job. Moreover, if the job to be distributed is a constraint satisfying one, the distribution of load demands core intelligence. This paper proposes parallel processing through Global Evaluation Function by means of randomly initialized agents for solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems. A potential issue about the number of agents i...

Check if we need one Introduction: Physicists since a long time have tried to apply their skills to fields outside physics, with more or less success. Econophysics is a big fashion at present, though partly based on the wrong belief that economists did not make empirical observations of financial markets or made no Monte Carlo simulations where rational judgement is replaced by random decisions...

Nobility of the Kievan palatinate and problems judicial organization in second half 17th century The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s nobility attached great importance to proper functioning system, administrative issues justice system were among principal matters discussed dietines. They particular during their exile century. article discusses statutes aimed at providing them relief that perio...

The Vasas’ letters to the writer and land judge from Zator – Jan Pisarzowski (1599–1679) was a of Zator, who did not belong elite power Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, in collection his correspondence, among written by middle nobles, there are notes sent representatives House Vasa Ladislaus IV, Carol Ferdinand John II Casimir. Their themes centered around requests for support at procee...