BACKGROUND The debate over nipple-sparing mastectomy continues to evolve. Over the past several years, it has become more widely accepted, especially in the setting of prophylactic mastectomy, but its role in the treatment of breast cancer has only recently been reexamined. METHODS Two indications for the procedure are discussed: prophylactic, for the high-risk patient; and the more controver...

In order to achieve a successful breast-feeding, an infant needs to suck the whole bulk of nipple and almost hundred to eighty percentage of the areola. That is why abnormal nipple conditions such as inverted nipple may result in problems with starting, establishing and maintaining breast-feeding (Hytten 1954). Nipple inversion may cause cosmetic, functional, and psychological problems. Some of...

Clear cell acanthoma (CCA) is a rare benign epidermal tumor. It usually presents as a flat nodule or dome-shaped plaque and is often localized on the legs of the elderly. We observed an unusual case of polypoid CCA on the nipple of a 14-year-old girl. At present, a few cases of CCA on the nipple area have been reported in the literature. However, CCA presented as a polypoid tumor on the nipple ...

INTRODUCTION Various techniques have been used in an attempt to achieve long-term nipple projection following nipple-areolar reconstruction. A common setback, however, is the diminution of projection overtime; this phenomenon is particularly evident following implant-based breast reconstruction. Artecoll may be suitable for injection into the nipple complex to maintain permanent, 3-dimensional ...

Reliable diagnosis of abnormalities is often the case that a mammogram of a woman is compared with previous mammograms. The location of the nipple is invaluable in registration, imaging modality fusion, and as a reference point for classifying microcalcification clusters. Therefore, detecting nipple is important for analyze mammogram images. There are many methods for nipple detection, but they...

AIM To assess the value of nipple and quadrant sections in mastectomy specimens for carcinoma in detecting Paget's disease and multifocal carcinoma. METHODS Two hundred and forty eight consecutive mastectomies performed for carcinoma were reviewed. The presence of Paget's disease of the nipple and mode of identification of any multifocal carcinoma was recorded. RESULTS Nipple sections showe...

BACKGROUND Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast tissue in males and is fairly common. Mastectomy not only helps in improving the shape of anterior chest, but can also improve the location of nipple. Therefore, a principle element of mastectomy design is defining the normal location of nipple based on major anatomical reference points. Here, the nipple location was compared for before an...

BACKGROUND An important part of preoperative assessment in breast reduction surgery is to locate the site of the nipple-areola complex for the newly structured breast. Inappropriate location is difficult to correct secondarily. Traditional methods of nipple localization taught and practiced suggest the nipple to be located anterior to the inframammary fold. Trying to project this point on the a...

BACKGROUND Nipple discharge accounts for approximately 5% of visits to a breast specialist surgical practice and may be encountered as the chief complaint by many other types of physicians. The vast majority of breast cancers originate in the ductal system, which prompted interest in the evaluation of the intraductal approach to breast cancer. Ductoscopy, nipple aspiration, and ductal lavage ha...

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of the authors' technique to improve long-term maintenance of nipple projection by using AlloDerm (LifeCell Corp., Branchburg, N.J.) as a central core in nipple reconstruction. METHODS The nipple reconstruction technique involved the use of a modified star dermal flap pattern measuring 5 cm in length and 1.0 to 1.5 cm in width,...