N-Acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), a structurally defined fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, stimulated significant release of previously incorporated 45Ca from fetal rat bones in tissue culture over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10.0 micrograms/ml. MDP-Stimulated bone resorption was not inhibited by the addition of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin to the c...

N-Acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP) induced the chemotaxis of human blood monocytes without mediation of serum complement. Specificity (dependency on chemical structure) of the chemotactic activity of MDP was evidenced by a negligible activity of analogs lacking most of the immunomodulating activities of MDP.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2/CARD15 protein, which senses muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a product of bacterial peptidoglycan, appears to play an important role in regulating intestinal immunity. Although the liver is exposed to gut-derived MDP, the influence of NOD2 ligation on hepatic APC, in particular dendritic cells (DC), is unknown. Freshly isolated mouse liver and splee...

This note re-visits the rolling-horizon control approach to problem of Markov decision process (MDP) with infinite-horizon discounted expected reward criterion. Distinguished from classical value-iteration approaches, we develop an asynchronous on-line algorithm based on policy iteration integrated a multi-policy improvement method switching. A sequence monotonically improving solutions forecas...

FROM JAPAN The Effect of Cisplatin on Kidney Uptake of Technetium-99m-MDP in Rats Tachio Sato, Seiro Yoshioka, Yoshinao Abe, Jutaro Takahashi, Kenji Yamada, Hiroshi Fukuda, Yuko Ogata and Masao Tada Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Molecular Neurology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University and the Department of Radiology, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Sendai, Japa...

Background: The aim of this study to assess the role of 99mTc-HMPAO leucocyte scintigraphy combined with 99mTcMDP bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of the diabetic foot infection. Methods: 50 diabetic patients with suspected osteomyelitis were included. The HMPAO-Leucocytes/MDP scan was considered to be consistent with osteomyelitis when the HMPAOLeucocytes uptake was concordant with MDP bone ...

When modeling real-world decision-theoretic planning problems in the Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework, it is often impossible to obtain a completely accurate estimate of transition probabilities. For example, natural uncertainty arises in the transition specification due to elicitation of MDP transition models from an expert or estimation from data, or non-stationary transition distribut...

We investigated the influence of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, on cytokine-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in rat primary astrocytes. MDP alone did not induce NO release in astrocyte cultures. However, MDP increased astrocyte NO production and subsequent nitrite accumulation triggered by IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma-activated expression of mRNA for induc...

Previous work on planning as active inference addresses finite horizon problems and solutions valid for online planning. We propose solving the general Stochastic Shortest-Path Markov Decision Process (SSP MDP) probabilistic inference. Furthermore, we discuss offline methods under uncertainty. In an SSP MDP, is indefinite unknown a priori. MDPs generalize infinite are widely used in artificial ...

Mammalian Nod2 is an intracellular protein that is implicated in the innate immune response to the bacterial cell wall and is associated with the development of Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, and gastrointestinal cancers. Nod2 is required for an immune response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), an immunostimulatory fragment of bacterial cell wall, but it is not known whether MDP binds directly to No...