Evaluation of the vertical diffusion coefficients from ERA-40 with Rn simulations D. J. L. Olivié , P. F. J. van Velthoven, and A. C. M. Beljaars Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK Received: 15 June 2004 – Accepted: 15 July 2004 – Publi...

The diversity of education in the madrasas contributed to different social groups’ feelings belonging Mamluk community as well formation identity awareness. This study aims examine ranks civil elite period held various scholarly and bureaucratic positions contribution texts they produced development a identity. Contrary previous processes, ulama displayed more conscious understanding their abou...

In 1912, 68 medieval crania were excavated from a cave at Safed in the eastern Mediterranean and brought to the United Kingdom. It is only recently that these skulls have been studied for evidence of disease. One adult individual demonstrates multiple lesions of the cranial vault, compatible with treponematosis. Radiocarbon dating suggests the year of death to be between 1290-1420 AD. This rang...

The article focuses on the study of E. Tursunov's novel «Mamluk» in which main character is Sultan Baybars. Appeal Tursunov to subject Mamluks was a continuation after M. Simashko described theme medieval East literature Kazakhstan. A can be regarded as historical novel, its author, while recreating life way Egypt – country Misr, turned and archive documents sources. There colossal about litera...

The purpose of this study is to determine the periodization and development Islamic civilization, namely progress intellectual spiritual levels that make a civil society. civilization started from Prophet Muhammad saw. Islam day. feature history which examines events in context time place with various benchmarks. Umayyads, Abbasid period, Mamluk Ottoman Contemporary World period. method used (l...