A 13-step synthesis of (+)-cyanthiwigin-AC (2) from (+)-Hajos-Parrish ketone derivative 8b and dimesylate 9c employing deconjugative spiro-bis-alkylation strategy is described. [reaction: see text].

Few data exist to test the hypothesis that elasmobranchs utilize ketone bodies rather than fatty acids for aerobic metabolism in muscle, especially in continuously swimming, pelagic sharks, which are expected to be more reliant on lipid fuel stores during periods between feeding bouts and due to their high aerobic metabolic rates. Therefore, to provide support for this hypothesis, biochemical i...

It is common knowledge that the intensity of ketosis is greater in man than in the dog. The question arises whether the difference is one of degree or of kind. The rate of development of ketosis, blood and urine acetone body concentration, and response to oral glucose have therefore been compared in the two species in order to determine whether such information would or would not suggest the pr...

Two recent reports propose that the depolarizing action of GABA in the immature brain is an artifact of in vitro preparations in which glucose is the only energy source. The authors argue that this does not mimic the physiological environment because the suckling rats use ketone bodies and pyruvate as major sources of metabolic energy. Here, we show that availability of physiologically relevant...

Purpose: Ketone bodies are energy substrates produced by the liver during prolonged fasting or low-carbohydrate diet. The ingestion of a ketone ester (KE) rapidly increases blood ketone levels independent of nutritional status. KE has recently been shown to improve exercise performance, but whether it can also promote post-exercise muscle protein or glycogen synthesis is unknown. Methods: Eight...