The presence of organic compounds and high amount of secondary metabolites (polysaccharides, phenolic component, etc.) in mosses cause difficulties in DNA extraction that are followed by problems in PCR reactions. In lower plants, various methods have been used for DNA extraction including silica gel and different commercial kits. These methods mostly use hazardous (like phenol or liquid nitrog...

Steroid hormones are lipophilic hormones based on the cholesterol molecule. Steroid hormones include the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone; glucocorticoids mainly cortisol in human; and mineralocorticoids. The main mammalian mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Steroid and steroid-like hormones such as vitamin D and thyroid hormone are lipophilic and exert their predominant act...

the aim followed in this study was to use the multi and single trait analyses for a prediction of genomic and traditional breeding values and to make a comparison of the accuracies of these methods. a base population of 100 animals (50 males and 50 females) was randomly mated for 50 generations to create linkage disequilibrium among loci. the simulated genome size was 10 morgan, equally divided...

background: disorders of sex development (dsds) belong to uncommon pathologies and result from abnormalities during gonadal determination and differentiation. various gene mutations involved in gonadal determination and differentiation have been associated with gonadal dysgenesis. despite advances in exploration of genes and mechanisms involved in sex disorders, most children with severe 46,xy ...

background: th e second leading cause of cancer deaths in women is breast cancer. germline mutations in susceptibility breast cancer gene brca1 increase the lifetime risk of breast cancer. eighty-one large genomic rearrangements (lgrs) have been reported up to date in brca1 gene, and evaluation of these rearrangements helps with precise risk assessment in high-risk individuals. in this study, w...

background: deletions of the daz (deleted in azoospermia) genes within the human y chromosome's azfc region are the most common cause of spermatogenesis failure. these deletions are usually assessed by analyses of genomic dna ex­tracted from peripheral leukocytes. daz genes are expressed in male germ cells. in this prospective study, we investigated daz expression and deletion in 102 consecutiv...