Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF-P) usually ensues as a complication of endocarditis or aortic valve surgery. When large, symptomatic or related to complications (rupture, compression of adjacent structures, embolic events, mitral regurgitation or heart failure) it warrants surgical excision. The natural course of uncomplicated/asymptomatic MAIVF-Ps is largely un...

Changes in mineral and bone metabolism are prevalent in chronic kidney disease. There are several types of renal bone disease, called 'renal osteodystrophy (ROD)'. ROD includes osteitis fibrosa, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disorder, and mixed osteodystrophy. Osteitis fibrosa is high turnover bone due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Osteomalacia is low turnover bone concomitant of increased os...