formation, epithelial hyperplasia, adenosis, and apocrine metaplasia (1,2). Nearly 40% of women of childbearing age have fibrocystic changes (3-4). F.C.C pathogenesis is not quite clear. In an article, it is attributed to the breast tissue’s response to the monthly changes in estrogen and progesterone levels (5). Another article attributes it to the increased levels of estrogen and lower levels...

the malignant process is uncertain. Blood group antigens provide a convenient system for the study of changes related to malignancy. The structure of the ABO and Rh blood group antigens is well studied. They are present in almost all body tis sues; highly specific antisera can be produced, and various specific tests for these antigens exist (1, 4, 6, 10). ABO and D (Rh0) blood group antigen dis...

We explored the relationship between the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and overweight status in children, with a focus on WIC's provision of infant formula, through secondary analyses and review of existing literature. Because of the complexity involved and the lack of previous research on the combined link between WIC, breast-feeding, and overwei...

Objective: To determine frequency of different breast disorders in female patients varying age groups presenting to HBS Hospital Islamabad. Study design: A prospective descriptive study Place and duration: This was conducted department General Surgery from 1st May 2019 31 Dec 2021. Methodology: All surgical OPD indoor 2021 for diseases with no limitation were included the study. Data as at pres...

BACKGROUND Various types of lesion from inflammation to carcinoma can affect breast. Some lesions are common in young females while others in elderly age group. Early presentation and prompt diagnosis is essential to relieve anxiety of non-neoplastic conditions, and in case of carcinoma, it can save the patient from metastases. Many cases related to breast lesions from the region are reported i...

Although most anatomical pathologists have encountered breast lesions with the composite histological features of fibroadenoma (FA) and fibrocystic change (FC), referred to as fibroadenomatosis or fibroadenomatoid mastopathy (FAM), little is known about its prevalence or clinico-pathological significance. In a retrospective histological review of 400 consecutive breast lesions, among both East ...