Prevention of postoperative neurological deficits is a major concern of spinal surgeons and has led to the introduction and current development of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. We have used motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials as routine monitoring techniques and, in some cases, added optional methods such as direct stimulation of nerve roots and spinal ev...

Human intervertebral disc specimens were tested to determine the regions of largest maximum shear strain (MSS) experienced by disc tissues in each of three principal displacements and three rotations, and to identify the physiological rotations and displacements that may place the disc at greatest risk for large tissue strains and injury. Tearing of disc annulus may be initiated by large interl...

during a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in bamyan and mazar sharif provinces of afghanistan, several species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to infraorder tylenchomorpha were detected and identified. filenchus facultativus; filenchus discrepans; filenchus elegantulus; boleodorus volutus; neopsilenchus magnidens; coslenchus costatus; ditylenchus myceliophagus; tylenchorhynchus clarus...

Definitions are based on anatomy and pathology. Definitions are not based on and do not imply specific etiologies (ie trauma), symptoms, or a need for a specific treatment. Normal-Free of disease, traumatic changes, or age associated changes Congenital / Developmental Variants-such as disc changes due to scoliosis or spondylolisthesis Degenerative & Traumatic Anular tear (synonymous with anular...

AIM The endoscopic foraminal approach in foraminal, lateral and far-lateral disc hernias, is a contemporary minimal invasive approach. This study was performed to show that the approach is possible with using the microscope without an endoscope, and even intervention on the discs within the spinal canal is possible by having access through the foramen. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-two cases wit...

A 60-year-old man presented with a three week history of low back pain and right sciatica after lifting a heavy weight. On examination, there was marked restriction of straight leg raising on the right side with a reduced knee jerk and impaired sensation in the right L3 and L4 dermatomes. The provisional diagnosis was L4 root compression by a herniated L3/4 disc. Myelography with water -soluble...

OBJECTIVE This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of a minimal invasive approach by using a muscle dilator system for the treatment of lateral lumbar disc herniations. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 38 cases with lateral lumbar disc herniations that were treated the METRx-System was performed. Patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively with the visual a...

We present a case of an acute psoas muscle hematoma following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. A 60-year-old female who presented with far lateral lumbar disc herniation underwent endoscopic discectomy on the right side at the L4-5 level. On the second postoperative day, the patient complained of severe right flank and leg pain and her blood pressure decreased. A computed tomography s...