The main purpose of this work is the comparison of several objective functions for optimization of the vertical alignment. To this end, after formulation of optimum vertical alignment problem based on different constraints, the objective function was considered as four forms including: 1) the sum of the absolute value of variance between the vertical alignment and the existing ground; 2) the su...

The earthwork volume must be calculated as accurately possible for economical construction and cost savings. In particular, when calculating the areas volumes of irregular curved terrains such mountains, reservoirs, lakes, coasts, vertical assumptions boundary equation rationally systematically established. This study focuses on calculation technology using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). can us...

Forest roads, as a prerequisite for high-quality forest management, should be optimally distributed in order to avoid negative environmental impacts and best fulfill their task. In the design phase of it is necessary know which factors influence most volume earthworks enable designer adapt terrain requirements. this paper impact an average cross slope carriageway value road on cut fill analyzed...