The morphologies and passive electrical parameters of fibres in two eye muscles of a surface- and a cave-dwelling crayfish were compared. In the cave-dwelling form the muscles contained fewer fibres, of less diameter, and hence had a smaller cross-sectional area. Current-voltage relationships were similar in both species. Input resistance was higher in the cave-dweller, but the difference was n...

Market traders trade gold, and Bitcoin is aim to maximize their return. This paper utilizes the grey prediction model explore optimal trading strategy optimize fund allocation based on dynamic programming. In addition, by comparing with other traditional strategies, we discover that can more accurately estimate future prices, enabling trader gain steadily growing returns at a low-risk level.

Abstract The relations between the Islamic empires of early modern period—the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals—have long been subject research, as have links each them Europe. present paper adopts a different approach, addressing Central Eastern Europe part single geopolitical continuum. This is done by focusing on events late 1630s—the Safavid-Mughal conflict over Kandahar Ottoman-Safavid Treat...

There are numerous examples of assets with identical payout streams being priced differently. These violations of the law of one price result from two factors. First, investors have heterogeneous asset valuations so that if two groups of investors trade in segmented markets they are likely to set different prices because they have different expectations as to the value of the identical assets. ...

This paper looks at speculative behavior in the international oil market. Much of the blame for oil-market turbulence has been placed on speculators, particularly hedge funds. Speculative capital has been characterized as “hot money,” with capital flows driven by “herding,” “flocking,” and “contagion.” Policies to deal with volatility by weakening, or even disabling speculation, have been based...

Real market institutions, stock and commodity exchanges for example, do not occur in isolation. Company stock is frequently listed on several stock exchanges, allowing traders to potentially trade such stock in different markets. While there has been extensive research into agent-based trading in individual markets, there is little work on agents that trade in such multiple market scenarios. Ou...

The main task of any trader is the selection of profitable strategies for trading a financial instrument. One of the simplest ways to represent trading rules is binary decision trees based on the comparison of current values of technical indicators with some absolute values. This approach simplifies the creation of trading systems but their validity is limited to short-term intervals of trade. ...

Inter-Temporal Trade Clustering and Two-Sided Markets We show that equity markets are two-sided and that trades cluster in certain half-hour periods for both NYSE and Nasdaq stocks under a broad range of conditions – news and non-news days, different times of the day, and a spectrum of trade sizes. By “two-sided” we mean that the arrivals of buyer-initiated and seller-initiated trades in half-h...