Examining Rio de Janeiro's milícias (‘militias’) through a ‘coercive brokerage’ concept can reveal how they are central to states and markets function. By tracing their emergence moments of political economic rupture, this article reveals responded the social dilemmas marginalised populations. Drawing from archival documentation, interviews, ethnographic fieldnotes, argues that by brokering sol...

Based on the concepts of modernity public space,of liberal exileand Hispanic American experience, present article intends to examine Cipriano Barata's and Frei Caneca's transcripts in Correio do Rio de Janeiro,in 1823, while its editor João Soares Lisboa was prison for beingaccused “colluding with Republicans”. These editions discussed civic virtues, Emperor's morality, idealization what called...

As a result of the debilitating situation that Syrian state reached during Civil War, government relies heavily on paramilitary groups to confront security challenges. Existing studies imply all in Syria were formed largely top-down process. Focusing rise al-Baqqer Brigade and relying series in-depth interviews with members al-Baggara tribe who make up most this militia, paper challenges assump...

Why did the Myanmar military initiate mass atrocities in Rakhine state alongside radical democratic reforms? We argue that were driven by intra-military rivalry. The transition to democracy was a generational of leadership brought pre-existing rivalries within fore. As is common regimes, elites rely on regional support bases. coincided with power from generals Western base – e.g. Shwe Mann an E...