Although deductive reasoning is a closed system, one's beliefs about the world can influence validity judgements. To understand the associated functional neuroanatomy of this belief-bias we studied 14 volunteers using event-related fMRI, as they performed reasoning tasks under neutral, facilitatory and inhibitory belief conditions. We found evidence for the engagement of a left temporal lobe sy...

For logical thinking learners, it is important to learn problem solving formally and intuitively. Homotopy which is modern mathematics combines algebra and geometry together. Homotopy gives the most abstract level of explanation or the most basic invariant which is the most required characteristics for logical thinking. The homotopy lifting property gives good explanation of inductive reasoning...

We propose a deductive extension of the spreadsheet paradigm as the basis for an automated assistant for the daily reasoning and decision-making needs of computer users, in the same way as a spreadsheet application such as Microsoft Excel assists them every day with calculations simple and complex. Users without formal training in Logic or even Computer Science can interactively define logical ...

Since Störring’s [63] pioneering experiments on syllogistic reasoning at the beginning of last century, experimental psychology has investigated deductive reasoning in the framework of classical logic. The most prominent examples are the theories of mental models [27] and mental rules [8, 59]. A fragment of the model theory of classical logic is central to mental models. Likewise, a fragment of...

2 Background 1 2.1 Logic-Based AI Encapsulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2.1.1 LAI is Ambitious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.2 LAI is Based on Logical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Studies of brain areas supporting deductive reasoning show inconsistent results, possibly because of the variety of tasks and baselines used. In two event-related functional magnetic imaging studies we employed a cognitive load paradigm to isolate the neural correlates of deductive reasoning and address the role (if any) of language in deduction. Healthy participants evaluated the logical statu...

In the last years, there has been an increasing demand of a variety of logical systems, prompted mostly by applications of logic in AI and other related areas. Labeled Deductive Systems (LDS) were developed as a flexible methodology to formalize such a kind of complex logical systems. Defeasible argumentation has proven to be a successful approach to formalizing commonsense reasoning, encompass...