We examined whether host traits influenced the occurrence of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Anatidae (ducks, geese, swans) at wintering sites in California's Central Valley. In total, 3487 individuals were sampled at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge and Conaway Ranch Duck Club during the hunting season of 2007-08. Of the 19 Anatidae species sampled, prevalence was highest in the northern sho...

Experimental infection of Muscovy ducks with V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was undertaken to determine the response of the ducks to the virus and the possibility of virus transmission to ducks and chickens in village like conditions. Twelve ducks were randomly and equally divided into three groups of control, inoculated and in-contact. Additionally, the chickens were placed into two grou...

In this brief commentary on Professor Callen's article, I would like to offer a defmition of the logical structure ofthe notion of conditional relevance using two components of argument diagramming technology from argumentation theory. This definition will show how conditional relevance is not only important as a key notion in evidence law, but also represents a structure or pattern that is com...

Participating producers: John Hourigan (Jordan), Steve Nemec (New Hope), Rick Holdridge (Bloomville), Wayne Wood (Northumberland), Mike McMahon (Homer), Maurice Stoughton (Newark Valley), Gary Gaige (Mecklenburg), Dudley French (Chemung), Greg Coller (Dekalb), Clark Decker (Stockholm), Dave Fisher (Madrid), Lou Ann King (Madrid), Jon Greenwood (Canton), Les Hargrave (Depeyster), Paul and Tim He...

Flower buds of peach, apricot, and sweet cherry are killed by low temperatures during winter and spring. Frost protection measures used commonly in the spring are applied to freeze protection during the winter in the Yakima Valley of Washington. Critical temperatures change rapidly during winter. To succeed, winter freeze protection requires adequate inversions, equipment that operates at tempe...

During the 1997–1999 seasons, we investigated the relationship between ‘Brooks’ cherry skin color at harvest (full light red, 50% bright red, full bright red and full dark red) and consumer acceptance using fruit grown in different geographic locations in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV). Soluble solids concentration (SSC) increased, but titratable acidity (TA) levels did not decrease as cherries m...

A duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) was isolated from the brain of a Cherry Valley duckling that showed neurological signs by using a specific-pathogen-free chicken embryo. The isolate was named GX2013G (GenBank accession no. KM275941). The strain GX2013G was identified with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and the amplicon was sequenced. The genome that was obtained is 10,990 nucleotides in length...

experimental infection of muscovy ducks with v4 strain of newcastle disease virus was undertaken to determine the response of the ducks to the virus and the possibility of virus transmission to ducks and chickens in village like conditions. twelve ducks were randomly and equally divided into three groups of control, inoculated and in-contact. additionally, the chickens were placed into two grou...