background bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) is an economically important disease of cattle with a worldwide distribution. diagnosis of bvd relies on laboratory-based detections of its viral causing agent or virus specific antibodies. the most common laboratory method used for this purpose is the elisa. bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is one of the most highly conserv...

The Boogie Verification Debugger (BVD) is a tool that lets users explore the potential program errors reported by a deductive program verifier. The user interface is like that of a dynamic debugger, but the debugging happens statically without executing the program. BVD integrates with the programverification engine Boogie. Just as Boogie supports multiple language front-ends, BVD can work with...

The experimental objective was to evaluate safety of spray-dried plasma protein after oral administration in weanling pigs by monitoring clinical, serological, and performance results. Thirty-six pigs (13.6 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of control (soybean meal) or 8% plasma. Diets were formulated to contain 1.20% lysine due to continuous administration...

Animal Health Ireland has produced clear guidelines for the control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) infection in Irish cattle herds. In the course of developing these guidelines it was clear that a framework for regional and/or national BVD control would be required to increase the uptake of BVD control at farm level and reduce the overall prevalence of the disease. This paper assessed the econ...

A mandatory objective of any control programme aiming at eradicating BVD from an infected bovine population is the removal of animals persistently infected (PI) with BVDV. In practice this will require a selection of reliable diagnostic assays. Approaches on how to identify PI animals can be indirect, by first identifying herds with a high probability of containing PI animals through diagnostic...

BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an infectious disease of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Herd-level prevalence varies among European Union (EU) member states, and prevalence information facilitates decision-making and monitoring of progress in control and eradication programmes. The primary objective of the present study was to address significant knowledge gaps regarding herd ...

The eradication of BVD in the UK is technically possible but appears to be socially untenable. The following study explored farmer attitudes to BVD control schemes in relation to advice networks and information sharing, shared aims and goals, motivation and benefits of membership, notions of BVD as a priority disease and attitudes toward regulation. Two concepts from the organisational manageme...

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a Flaviviridae pestivirus, is arguably one of the most widespread cattle pathogens worldwide. Each of its two genotypes has two biotypes, non-cytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp). Only the ncp biotype of BVDV may establish persistent infection in the fetus when infecting a dam early in gestation, a time point which predates maturity of the adaptive immune sys...

In 1993, noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains with enhanced virulence caused unprecedented outbreaks of severe acute bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in dairy, beef, and veal herds in Ontario (Canada). Fever, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sudden death occurred in all age groups of cattle. Abortions often occurred in pregnant animals. Gross lesions in the alimentary tract were similar ...

A mysterious disease affecting calves, named bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP), emerged in 2007 in several European countries. Epidemiological studies revealed a connection between BNP and vaccination with an inactivated vaccine against bovine virus diarrhea (BVD). Alloantibodies reacting with blood leukocytes of calves were detected in serum and colostrum of dams, which have given birth to ca...