Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) is a trihalomethane found in drinking water as a by-product of disinfection processes. BDCM is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in rodents and has been reported to cause strain-specific full-litter resorption in F344 rats during the luteinizing hormone-dependent phase of pregnancy. In humans, epidemiological studies suggest an association between exposure to BDCM in drink...

BACKGROUND In a case-control study a statistically significant association was recorded between the introduction of infants to heated indoor swimming pools and the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In this paper, a neurogenic hypothesis is formulated to explain how toxins produced by chlorine in such pools may act deleteriously on the infant's immature central nervous system...

We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, to evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information abo...

Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrheal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 2.2 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a proven household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrheal disease incidence in users in developing countries. Because the SWS recommends the addition of sodium hypochlorite to unfiltered w...

The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless dc motor (BDCM) have many similarities; they both have permanent magnets on the rotor and require alternating stator currents to produce constant torque. The difference in these two machines is that the PMSM and the BDCM has sinusoidal and trapezoidal back emfs, respectively. This means these two machines have different operating c...

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that elevated exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water during gestation may result in adverse birth outcomes. However, the findings of these studies remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to examine the association between blood biomarkers of late pregnancy exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water...

OBJECTIVES Congenital anomalies have been inconsistently associated with maternal crude estimated exposure to drinking water trihalomethane (THM). We investigated the relationship between individual THM uptake during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies. METHODS We estimated maternal THM uptake for 3074 live births using residential tap water concentrations, drinking wate...

this study intends to monitor and evaluate the thms concentration in the 7 different water districts in the city of tehran. thms are the main disinfectant by products (dbp) of chlorination, which are suspected to be human carcinogens. chlorination is used as the main disinfection process for the drinking water in tehran, therefore; it is important to monitor and evaluate the thm’s concentration...

This study intends to calculate the lifetime cancer risks resulting from intakes of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water based on the presence of each THM species. The slope factors for each THM species are used, combined with exposure model and Monte Carlo simulations, to calculate the cancer risks with consideration of different exposure routes (oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal absor...

Levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water from water treatment plants (WTPs) in Nigeria were studied using a gas chromatograph (GC Agilent 7890A with autosampler Agilent 7683B) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The mean concentrations of the trihalomethanes ranged from zero in raw water samples to 950 μg/L in treated water samples. Average concentration values of THMs in p...