background: progressive prevalence of anabolic steroid use and physical and mental consequences of these drugs are known as worldwide healthy problems. willingness to being fitness and having muscular body and unhealthy beliefs about anabolic steroids are determinant behavioral factors of anabolic storied use. the purpose of this study was to determine the behavioral reason of anabolic steroid ...

Background: The prevalence of substance use among bodybuilding athletes has been poorly studied in Iran. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of drug use, especially anabolic steroids, among bodybuilding athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the first half of 2013 among body building athletes referring to gyms located in Kerman, Iran. Five gyms were select...

Anabolic steroids form one of the important classes of doping agents and their consumption has been found to give benefits to the athletes. Inspite of the fact that they also produce adverse effects and damage several organs and systems, their consumption is continuously increasing in competitive games. The World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee have banned the use of anab...

The 2014 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List shows testosterone and epitestosterone listed as class S1.1a and S1.1b, with its use banned in and out of competition [1]. Doping with testosterone is suspected if the urinary ratio of testosterone over epitestosterone (T/E) exceeds 4 [2]. According to the 2012 (WADA) laboratory statistics, elevated testosterone based on the testosterone ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a short review of the literature describing the hypermetabolic response to injury and potential treatments. Associated findings include changes in inflammatory mediators and secreted hormones. RECENT FINDINGS Treatments should be aimed at decreasing the response and potentially the use of anabolic agents. Of note, recent interest in the hyperglycemic response to i...

Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder of bone remodeling in which bone resorption outstrips bone matrix deposition. Although anticatabolic agents are frequently used as first-line therapies for osteoporosis, alternative anabolic strategies that can enhance anabolic, osteogenic potential are actively sought. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, are bidirectional regulators for bone ho...

This paper reviews the literature comparing growth performance, carcass, and meat quality data between barrows and boars. Compared with barrows, boars have reduced feed intake, improved feed efficiency, less backfat, higher nitrogen retention, and leaner carcasses. Growth rate of boars will be higher than that of barrows if adequate dietary amino acids are supplied. The improved growth performa...

Cachexia, and particularly the loss of metabolically active lean tissue, leads to increased morbidity and mortality in affected patients. An impairment of strength and functional status is usually associated with cachexia. A variety of anabolic and appetite-stimulating agents have been studied in patients with cachexia caused by various underlying diseases. Overall, these studies have demonstra...