The energetic and physiological status of parental smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu was investigated across the majority of their latitudinal range at the onset and near the end of care. Variables such as tissue lipid stores, plasma indicators of nutritional status and chronic stress and white muscle were used to define energetic and physiological status. Results showed that northern males ...

The etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear in spite of the several attempts to predict the risk of acquiring the disease. Genetic and environmental factors related to disease susceptibility, suggested by many recent studies that configured a multifactorial etiology to MS, reflect its geographical distribution and changes in risk with migration. The incidence of MS seems to ...

A simple theory for the large-scale oceanic circulation is developed, relating pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere sinking, and low-latitude upwelling to pycnocline diffusivity and Southern Ocean winds and eddies. The results show that Southern Ocean processes help maintain the global ocean structure and that pycnocline diffusion controls low-latitude upwelling.

Coral reefs are biodiverse ecosystems structured by abiotic and biotic factors operating across many spatial scales. Regional-scale interactions between climate change, biogeography and fisheries management remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated large-scale patterns of coral communities in the western Indian Ocean after a major coral bleaching event in 1998. We surveyed 291 coral reef sit...

In the Northern Hemisphere, global warming has been shown to affect animal populations in different ways, with southern populations in general suffering more from increased temperatures than northern populations of the same species. However, southern populations are also often marginal populations relative to the entire breeding range, and marginality may also have negative effects on populatio...

Between November 2000 and October 2001 the Ulysses spacecraft performed a fast traversal of the heliospheric latitudes between 80°S and 80°N, a period close to the activity maximum of the current solar cycle. This paper provides an overview of the Ulysses observations of the transient solar wind structures associated with coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) during this period. Compared to the previo...

INTRODUCTION We estimated the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 3 large geographic areas in the southern, middle, and northern United States. METHODS The primary data source was medical records from office visits to private neurologists' practices or to neurology departments in tertiary care facilities during a 3-year period. Additional data sources included patient advocacy groups, nu...

Abstract Underestimation of the transfer energy between magnetosphere and ionosphere, Poynting flux, is a persistent issue in space weather studies high‐latitude ionospheric models. Thought to be due inability resolve small‐scale fluctuations electric field, this underestimation could lead significant further underestimations parameters such as thermospheric mass density consequential satellite...

BACKGROUND Latitudinal clines in temperature and seasonality impose strong seasonal constraints on ectotherms. Studies of population differentiation in phenotypic plasticity of life history traits along latitudinal gradients are important for understanding how organisms have adapted to seasonal environments and predict how they respond to climate changes. Such studies have been scarce for speci...

The Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) (also known as the North Atlantic Oscillation) is shown to exert a strong influence on wintertime climate, not only over the Euro-Atlantic half of the hemisphere as documented in previous studies, but over the Pacific half as well. It affects not only the mean conditions, but also the day-to-day variability, modulating the intensity of mid-latitude sto...