OBJECTIVE Oral cancer is the leading malignancy in India, with tobacco playing a major role in the etiology. The aim of the present study was to quantify nitrate+nitrite (NO2+NO3) in tobacco products as well as to study tobacco exposure related biomarkers in controls, patients with oral precancers (OPC) and oral cancer patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Healthy individuals (n=90) were grouped into...

BACKGROUND With an increase in indoor smoking bans, many smokers smoke outside establishments and near their entrances, which has become a public health concern. OBJECTIVES We characterized the exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke (SHS) outside a restaurant and bar in Athens, Georgia, where indoor smoking is banned, using salivary cotinine and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)...

OBJECTIVES The reliability of surveys on smoking habits based on questionnaires was investigated, using the urinary cotinine content as an objective index. METHODS The subjects tested were 2,849 office workers of middle age, who responded to questions concerning their smoking status, and also their urinary cotinine was measured by the HPLC method. RESULTS The boundary value between smokers ...

Self-reported drug use is a principle measure in the evaluation of treatment outcome. As there have been concerns about the accuracy of self-reporting, it is necessary to establish its validity by an objective method. The aim of the study was to examine the concordance between urinary cotinine concentrations and self-reported tobacco use among drug dependents seeking treatment at National Drug ...

Aim. To evaluate the possible structural and functional changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) of chronic smokers and compare them with those of passive healthy smokers using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Materials and Methods. We include 80 active chronic smokers and 80 age- and sex-match...

Urinary concentrations of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine were measured in volunteers whose smoking habits were known to test the reliability of the measurements as indicators of current smoking. In the non-smokers detectable concentrations were always below the confidence limits set for the method, while in smokers the concentrations were always above these limits. After subjects st...

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (sum of which is denoted as total NNAL) are metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). NNK and NNAL can induce lung cancer in laboratory animals but human data are limited. The association between prediagnostic levels of urinary total NNAL and risk of lung cancer development was evaluated in two ...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether antimony may be detected in the urine during infancy and early childhood and its association with passive exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine. DESIGN Analysis of spare aliquots of urine collected from infants participating in studies of respiratory function and passive smoking. Urinary antimony was assayed using inductively coupled plasma ...

BACKGROUND Little research has focused on brief and practical strategies for addressing environmental tobacco smoke exposure through interventions focused explicitly on creating a smoke-free home. METHODS We used a two-group (intervention and control groups) repeated-measures randomized controlled trial design. Families were randomized to the intervention (n = 176) or control (n = 176) condit...

1. Prediction equations and normograms are established using incentive spirometry in a community cohort of 770 Hong Kong Chinese children aged 2 to 6 years. 2. All spirometric parameters depend mainly on standing height. Boys have higher values than girls. 3. Forced expiratory volumes depend on birth weight, place of birth, history of wheezing, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. 4....