Abstract The chapter analyses recent reforms in the multilevel system of Länder , specifically territorial, functional and structural reforms, which represent three most crucial closely interconnected reform trajectories at subnational level. It sheds light on variety approaches pursued different also highlights some factors that account for these differences. transfer state functions to local ...

This paper presents a new model of the war of attrition, based on a geographical or territorial dispute. Both sides try to extend their boundaries, and the level of effort at each time is endogenous. There are two kinds of stationary equilibria, one with fighting to completion, the other with a cessation of hostilities. As a player gets closer to losing, that player's probability of winning bat...

The clarity of marine spatial status requires a coherency between the state (territorial) sea boundary and provincial because both have same width 12 nautical miles. However, two boundaries use different references; refers to low-water line, whereas high-water so that outer limits differ. From applicable provisions, management area may not exceed territorial area. method used detect overlap is ...

The national security issues most impacted upon by globalisation are generally found to fall into three categories: the nature of security threats in a globalised world, the effects of the phenomenon of globalisation on the pursuit of national security, and the erosion of the exclusivity of the state as a provider of national security. In this chapter I examine the security risks associated wit...

The budgetary capacity with the tax component as its key aspect is the basis for forming local budgets of a territorial community. The paper outlines the methods for diagnostics of the budgetary capacity of territorial communities by revenues aimed at providing a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative assessment of the status, strengths, and weaknesses of the economy of an administrative-te...

introduction: for the understanding of the geopolitics of information, we need to use a geographical approach in the flows and processes of information. in this way, it is necessary that put the westphalian territorialism away and equipped by new approach called polycentrism to information and its geopolitics. it does not mean that we cannot analyze every thing according to territorial walls an...

In territorial Odonata, adult ?? may use two mating tactics that may be genetically or environmentally determined: territoriality and non-territoriality. The non-territorial tactic has been sometimes found to include 2 additional males: sneaking and wandering. The non-territorial ??, however, often have lower reproductive success than territorial ??. Studies on various Calopteryx spp. have repe...

providing appropriate rural housing in the country is a critical and ever- increasing demand. solving current problems, in the rural housing prospects of the country requires essential research and planning. the first step in any type of planning towards improving or rehabilitation of rural housing conditions in iran demands comprehensive and macro level information and an overall correct class...

Territorial animals are known to be able to differentiate between intruding individuals posing a low or high threat and adjust their aggressive response accordingly. However, plastic territorial aggression based on recognising individuals with different attributes is typically assumed to be relevant only in the context of conspecific interactions. In this study, we investigated territorial aggr...