Many Xanthomonas bacteria use transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins to activate plant disease susceptibility (S) genes, and this activation contributes to disease. We recently reported that rice basal transcription factor IIA gamma subunit, OsTFIIAγ5, is hijacked by TALE-carrying Xanthomonas oryzae infecting the plants. However, whether TFIIAγs are also involved in TALE-carrying...

nushāfarin nāme is an iranian prose folk tale recounting the passionate love and courageous acts of “prince ibrahim”, the son of “jahangir shah”, a king of china, to attain the hand of his beloved, nushāfarin gowhartāj ,the daughter of damascus king. there are stylistic features of folk tales and traditional romances to be perceived in this tale, as heroic deeds, and the presence of supernatura...

CC Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) is a potent chemoattractant produced by macrophages and activated astrocytes during periods of inflammation within the central nervous system. Increased CCL2 expression is correlated with disease progression and severity, as observed in pulmonary tuberculosis, HCV-related liver disease, and HIV-associated dementia. The CCL2 distal promoter contains an A/G polymorphi...

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) contain modular programmable DNA binding domains. Fusing TALEs with effector domains creates synthetic transcription factors (TALE-TFs) or nucleases (TALENs), enabling precise gene manipulations. The construction of TALEs remains challenging due to their repetitive sequences. Here we report a simple TALE assembly reaction (STAR) that enables indivi...

Hox and TALE proteins interact in a sea anemone, just as they do in flies and mice, indicating that the Hox-TALE system originated very early in animal evolution.

Given the re-broadcasts (i.e. retweets) of posts in Twitter, how can we spot fake from genuine user reactions? What will be the tell-tale sign — the connectivity of retweeters, their relative timing, or something else? High retweet activity indicates influential users, and can be monetized. Hence, there are strong incentives for fraudulent users to artificially boost their retweets’ volume. Her...

Despite the title of this review essay, none of the four books under review adopts the word queer in its title. This serves as both an encouraging sign and a cautionary tale. This is encouraging because, as James Welker has pointed out recently, the horizon of queer studies has evolved and been decentered so rapidly that North America is no longer the only powerhouse, or the exclusive place of ...

Phytopathogen transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) bind DNA in a sequence specific manner in order to manipulate host transcription. TALE specificity correlates with repeat variable diresidues in otherwise highly stereotypical 34-35mer repeats. Recently, the crystal structures of two TALE DNA-binding domains have illustrated the molecular basis of the TALE cipher. The structures show ...

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are virulence factors, produced by the bacterial plant-pathogen Xanthomonas, that function as gene activators inside plant cells. Although the contribution of individual TALEs to infectivity has been shown, the specific roles of most TALEs, and the overall TALE diversity in Xanthomonas spp. is not known. TALEs possess a highly repetitive DNA-bindin...

Abstract units of narrative content called motifs constitute sequences, also known as tale types. However whereas the dependency of tale types on the constituent motifs is clear, the strength of their bond has not been measured this far. Based on the observation that differences between such motif sequences are reminiscent of nucleotide and chromosome mutations in genetics, i.e. constitute ”nar...