INTRODUCTION Clinical management in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is constantly changing. Although improvement in symptoms is of paramount importance, using this as the only surrogate marker of disease activity might underestimate disease burden. SOURCES OF DATA New data from randomized clinical trials are now available. Treatment paradigms are constantly changing leading to an evolution i...

Food or water-borne enteric pathogens invade their hosts via intestinal mucosal surfaces, thus developing effective oral vaccines would greatly reduce the burden of infectious diseases. The nature of the antigen, as well as the mode of its internalization in the intestinal mucosa affects the ensuing immune response. We show that model protein antigen ovalbumin (Ova) given per-orally (p.o.) indu...

The incidence and mortality rates from right-sided colorectal cancers (CRCs) have not decreased, compared with the significant reduction of CRCs in the left colon in recent years. It is likely that a significant proportion of right-sided CRCs evolve from undetected sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) in the primary colonoscopy. Increasing evidences suggest that SSA/Ps are high-risk lesion...

UNLABELLED Chronic NSAID use can cause diaphragm like strictures within the bowel leading to intestinal obstruction. This rare entity is called diaphragm disease. Preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. NSAID related injury should be considered in patient with intestinal obstruction of unclear etiology. We hereby present an interesting case of a 46 years old lady with significant history...

Type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) are usually small lesions, restricted to mucosal and sub-mucosal layers of corpus and fundus, with low aggressive behavior, for the majority of cases. Nevertheless, some cases present aggressive behavior. The increasing incidence of gNETs brings together a new relevant problem: how to identify potentially aggressive type 1 gNETs. The challenging prob...

‘Vidari’ is a crippling fibrotic disorder affecting mouth commonly seen in India and South East Asia. It’s always optimum highly desirable to beat oral submucous fibrosis(OSMF) before it becomes cancer. OSMF huge dilemma for clinicians worldwide specifically south east Asia due elusive pathogenesis. The main characterstic of the build up fibrous tissue sub mucosal layer mouth, which can lead lo...

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are characterized not only by the sub-mucosal accumulation of inflammatory cells, but also by the severe damage of the epithelial layer. Recent clinical studies have featured “mucosal healing” as the most significant prognostic factor for long-term remission in IBD patients, suggesting that accomplishment of ep...

Mucus colonization is an essential early step toward establishing successful infection and disease by mucosal pathogens. There is an emerging literature implicating specific mucin sub-types and mucin modifications in protecting the host from Campylobacter jejuni infection. However, mucosal pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to breach the mucus layer and C. jejuni in particular appe...

Colorectal cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy in the USA, Europe, and Japan. Most colorectal cancers are thought to arise from preexisting adenomas based on the concept of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence [1]. Chromoendoscopy, using Kudo and Tsuruta’s pit pat‐ tern classification, is an efficient tool for the differential diagnosis of colorectal polyps [2-4]. Re‐ cently, image-enhance...