A 2.4GHz frequency synthesizer is proposed as a part of a low cost RF front end for ISM band applications. The frequency synthesizer employed a new dual loop architecture to improve the settling time, while keeping a fine frequency resolution. With a settling time of 30µs, the frequency synthesizer is able to hop at 2k hop/s with less than 10% overhead. When utilized in a digital wireless syste...

The purpose of this work was to examine the settling properties of activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor, fed with wastewater from the University of Olsztyn treatment plant. Concentrations of the examined activated sludge varied between 2.5 and 6.0 kg SS m. Laboratory analyses of the sludge comprised: sludge concentrati...

The analysis study has been done for a First Order Plus Delay Time (FOPDT) model controlled by Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), proportional integral(PI),Internal Model Controller(IMC) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) using MATLAB software. The study has been done for both MPC and conventional control methods to design the controller for the level tank system and the results has been c...

To gain insight into the process of sedimentation occurring when clay-laden estuaries and deltas entermarinewater, we perform laboratory experiments tomeasure the settling rate of initially unflocculated kaolin clay in fresh and salt water. In fresh water, sedimentation is a slow process with the clay particle concentration gradually decreasing nearly uniformly over hours, consistent with the t...

From a theoretical investigation of the continuity of wastewater organic (COD) and N compounds along the links connecting the primary settling tank (PST), fully aerobic or N removal activated sludge (AS) treating raw and settled wastewater and aerobic digestion unit operations, it was found that the PS characteristics, viz. the biodegradable and unbiodegradable soluble and particulate COD and N...

The solids-flux theory has been used for half a century as a tool for estimating concentration and fluxes in the design and operation of secondary settling tanks during stationary conditions. The flux theory means that the conservation of mass is used in one dimension together with the batch-settling flux function according to the Kynch assumption. The flux theory results correspond to stationa...

Recently, through the use of soft computing techniques fine tuning of PID controller parameters are carried out for non linear process. In this paper the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique, is successfully applied for tuning PI controller used in conical tank level process and hence to minimize the integral time absolute error (ITAE). A conical tank level process is represented as fi...

The paper outlines a method to determine the sedimentation efficiency in modernized tanks with incorporated lamella packets. The method takes into account the properties of the suspension (density, viscosity, solid phase distribution) and tank design parameters – flow intensity and settling surface. Several types of grain size distributions are considered: the log-normal distribution and genera...

the activated sludge process is the most used biological wastewater treatment method in the world. sludge bulking is one of the most common problems relateing to activated sludge wastewater treatment, and this fact causes poor settling in secondary sedimentation tank. sludge volume index(svi) and the zone settling velocity(zsv) are parameters to quantify the settleability of activated sludge . ...