Based on the cost-of-carry model of future prices, a number of studies have estimated nonlinear autoregressive models for the basis at different frequencies The structure of the models and the speed of adjustment to shocks reported are radically different. In this paper we examine the implications of systematic sampling. The results obtained show that regular sampling of the process seems impor...

In order to monitor the health status of the popuiation and to evaluate the use and effectiveness of disease protection and control measures, up-to-date information is required. In developing countries in paflicular, the information needed is often provided by means of cross-sectional surveys. An example of such a survey is that developed by the Expanded Programme on lmmunization (EPI) of the W...

It has been just over three centuries since Antonie van Leewenhoek first conclusively documented the biological nature of the elements of air and dust in the built environment [1]. During the 20th century, advancements in sampling instrumentation and analysis techniques yielded a large literature on the microbiology of air and dust, mainly using culture and microscopy [2, 3]. In the past few de...

BACKGROUND Over past few decades, the expectations of medical students about their academics, extracurricular support from college and about their social life at campus have all been changed greatly. The relative scarcity of data about the expectations of Pakistani medical students has merited this study. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was undertaken at Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad at th...

Morphometric variation in the squid Loligo forbesi was investigated to quantify effects of region, season, sex and maturity. Practical exercises were carried out using this species and the congeneric Loligo vulgaris to evaluate differences in measurements by different workers. The utility of meristic characters was also examined. Consistent significant differences were found between measurement...

BACKGROUND Measures to address gender-specific health issues are essential due to fundamental, biological differences between the sexes. Studies have increasingly stressed the importance of customizing approaches directed at women's health issues according to stages in the female life cycle. In Korea, however, gender-specific studies on issues affecting Korean women in relation to stages in the...

PURPOSE Teachers' perspectives on eye health can be limited, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess teachers' knowledge and practices associated with eye health of primary students in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey of primary school teachers. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 443 participants from 34 private...

OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to describe the methods and design of the survey of living conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA), relevant participation rates and the distribution of participants, as applicable to the survey data in Alaska, Greenland and Norway. This article briefly addresses possible selection bias in the data and also the ways to tackle it in future studies. STUDY...

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence and evaluate factors associated with smoking among high school adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan. A school-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in three towns in Karachi, namely, Gadap Town, Bin-Qasim Town and Malir Town, from January through May 2003. Two-stage cluster sampling stratified by school type was employed to select schools and stude...