INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to explore the associations between national tuberculosis program (NTP) budget allocation and tuberculosis related outcomes in the World Health Organization's 22 high burden countries from 2007-2009. METHODS This ecological study used mixed effects and generalized estimating equation models to identify independent associations between NTP budget all...

We evaluate, for the U.S. case, the costs and benefits of three security measures designed to reduce the likelihood of a direct replication of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. To do so, we assess risk reduction, losses, and security costs in the context of the full set of security layers. The three measures evaluated are installed physical secondary barriers (IPSB) to restrict access to the hardened...

Due to its economic functions, including that of a planning strategy for the future, state budget as management tool requires transition from traditional structure modern one. In systems principally implemented today, effectiveness and efficiency results are taken into consideration rather than cost services provided by state. Although there various types systems, program performance-based have...

The municipalities are autarchic public associations that aim to provide citizens with local requirements and have individual financial structures. They use the resources provided for autonomy of people effectively, economically, efficiently while fulfilling their requirements. A performance-based budgeting system has been developed in order efficiently, ensure transparency, fulfill accountabil...

Throughout the past 100 years, family budgets have been produced using a variety of methodologies; these budgets are compared with new budgets that have been derived using actual expenditures of families and Lucilla Tan are economists in the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics. T he measurement of family budgets and budget standards dates back to the late 19th c...

The efficiency of any metaheuristic algorithm largely depends on the way of balancing local intensive exploitation and global diverse exploration. Studies show that bat algorithm can provide a good balance between these two key components with superior efficiency. In this paper, we first review some commonly used metaheuristic algorithms, and then compare the performance of bat algorithm with t...

this descriptive cross sectional census study identified the perceptions of extension and outreach employees of iowa state university in the united states about job autonomy and control after two years of a major restructuring. employees perceived autonomy and control over expressing views and ideas about their work and spending time on the job but perceived little influence over budget allocat...