physical modeling for study of deep foundations can be performed in simple chambers (1g), calibration chambers (cc), and centrifuge apparatus (ng). these common apparatus face certain limitations and difficulties. recently, frustum confining vessels (fcv) have been evolved for physical modeling of deep foundations and penetrometers. shaped as the frustum of a cone, this device applies steady pr...

soil compaction is an important aspect of agriculture and different methods are available to measure this parameter. one method is called the cone index; measuring the force required per unit area for penetration of a standard steel cone into the ground. cone penetrometers are used for cone index measurement. in this study, a tractor mounted, hydraulically-operated penetrometer was designed, bu...

Available online 3 August 2008

neutron and gamma-ray sources whichenable bulk density and moisture to be determined simultaneously. This instrument has a single probe which provides for both gamma-ray scattering and gamma-ray transmission depending on the required depth of measurement. Surface measurements (0 to 100mm integrated) are made with the backscatter technique (Figure 2) and the measurements between 50 and 300 mm ar...