Purpose: Synkinesis results from nerve miswirings and causes aberrant movements of the affected muscles. We present a series cases rare congenital ocular synkinesis involving extraocular muscles levator palpebrae superioris speculate possibility classifying these entities in spectrum cranial dysinnervation disorder. Methods: Records patients with diagnosis were analyzed retrospectively. sex, la...

In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is an emerging technology that provides minimally invasive, high resolution, steady-state assessment of the ocular surface at the cellular level. Several challenges still remain but, at present, IVCM may be considered a promising technique for clinical diagnosis and management. This mini-review summarizes some key findings in IVCM of the ocular surface, focusi...

Background: Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a common ophthalmic condition resulting from dysfunction in the ocular surface, main lacrimal gland, meibomian glands, or connecting nerves. Objective: A group of local experts met to discuss challenges and establish consensus DED management across Middle East. Methods: modified Delphi method was used reach consensus, comprising two rounds survey face-to-fac...

Introduction. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis occurs in about 5% of cancer patients. Ocular involvement is a common clinical manifestation and often the presenting clinical feature. Materials and Methods. We report the case of a 52-year old lady with optic neuritis as isolated manifestation of neoplastic meningitis and a review of ocular involvement in neoplastic meningitis. Ocular symptoms were ...

PURPOSE To quantify the level of neuron-specific fluorescence in the corneas of transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) driven by the thy1 promoter and examine the viability of using thy1-YFP mice as a model for studying nerve regeneration in vivo. METHODS The structure of corneal innervation in thy1-YFP mice visible with reporter gene fluorescence was compared with that v...

A 38-year-old woman developed bilateral carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF) following a motor vehicle collision. Her initial ophthalmologic findings included periorbital edema, palsies of the left oculomotor and abducens nerves, and residual dilated pupils. She subsequently developed significant optic disc edema and retinal vascular dilation bilaterally. Patients with similar injuries typically re...

PURPOSE To report a case with anterior and posterior nodules associated with systemic sarcoidosis. METHODS A patient with decreased vision underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, ultrasound biomicroscopy, fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography. RESULTS The patient presented a nodule of the iris of the OS and of the optic nerves of both eyes. Chest computed tomography and...

Red flags in neuro-ophthalmology Some diseases of the brain presenting with visual symptoms are life threatening and need urgent management. This article discusses possible causes of double vision, vision loss with headache, and non-ocular vision loss. T he three most important 'red flag' symptoms that indicate that a patient may need neuro-ophthalmological assessment are: 1 Sudden onset of dou...

In this study, 40 female albino wistar rats were used. The sciatic nerves were crushed for 20 seconds by a jeweler’s forceps. A single dose of 8 mg/kg of trapidil was administered to the treatment group intraperitoneally. After the crush injury, the crush site was excised on 2nd, 7th, 15th, 30th, and 45th days, fixed in formalin and then prepared for routine histological evaluation. Each sectio...

Background: Isolated metastasis to the optic nerve (ON) and its sheath from breast cancer (BC) without involvement of other ocular structures is extremely rare. However, it a pivotal diagnosis rule out as both sight- life-threatening condition. We report case isolated ON BC presenting with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).
 Case presentation: A 47-year-old woman known metastatic prese...