Signals that represent information may be classified into two forms: numeric and symbolic. Symbolic signals are discrete-time sequences which have a value at any particular index that is a member of a set of symbols. Set membership defines the only mathematical structure that symbolic sequences satisfy. Consequently, symbolic signals cannot be directly processed with existing signal processing ...

Naive Bayes induction algorithm is very popular in classification field. Traditional method for dealing with numeric data is to discrete numeric attributes data into symbols. The difference of distinct discredited criteria has significant effect on performance. Moreover, several researches had recently employed the normal distribution to handle numeric data, but using only one value to estimate...

the certainty assumption that is used in economic analysis, althouth is easier in analysis, may be but not logical because in most projects time is playing a key role. in this time horizon the amount of income and future costs affecting by factors that are not managable by investors and can not to be forecasted. therefore in practice usually there is a gap between forecased and real variables. ...

A regular variable holds, at any one time, a single value, be it numeric or otherwise. In contrast, a random variable (RV) holds a distribution over values, be they numeric or otherwise. For example, the outcome of a future toss of a fair coin can be captured by a random variable X holding the following distribution: ’HEAD’ with probability 0.5, and ’TAIL’ with probability 0.5 . We will use upp...

A typical tabular business report contains a set of cells. The cells may contain raw numeric values, character labels, and formulas. This paper will present a bottom-up algorithm for visually documenting the cells in a set of tabular reports. The algorithm draws a tree-like structure in a view port. The nodes in the tree can represent the either a raw numeric value or a formula. The arcs in the...

Uncertainty is represented in an Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS) by tokens called cusumptions, which are used to represent belief in uncertain facts. Given a set of assumptions and a set of inferences which can be drawn from these assumptions and their consequents, the ATMS derives a complete boolean expression (label) for the truth value of every proposition in the database, e...