Identification of the brain areas that contribute to pain is an essential undertaking towards understanding persistent pain. Areas of the basal ganglia have been proposed to play important roles in nociception as previous studies have determined the involvement of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the dorsolateral striatum in pain. The purpose of the present study was therefore to expand u...

Melatonin is an important hormone for regulating mammalian circadian biology and cellular homeostasis. Recent evidence has shown that melatonin exerts anti-nociception effects in both animals and humans. However, according to clinical trials, the anti-nociception effects of melatonin are still controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the anti-nociception effects of melato...

Little is known about analgesia in lower vertebrates such as the Speke's hinged tortoise (Kinixy's spekii), yet of late they are increasingly being adopted as pets. The effects of morphine (5, 7.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), pethidine (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg) and naloxone (5 mg/kg) on nociception induced by the formalin test (12.5%, 100 microL) were studied in the Speke's hinged tortoise. Formalin induced...

iii Publications x Author contributions xi Acknowledgements xii List of tables xvi List of figures xix 1.0 Introduction to complex regional pain syndrome 1.1 The problem of complex regional pain syndrome 1 1.2 Diagnosis and clinical features 2 1.2.1 Pain and sensory disturbances 5 1.2.2 Vasomotor disturbances 6 1.2.3 Sudomotor disturbances/edema 6 1.2.4 Motor/trophic disturbances 7 1.3 Spread o...

The synthesis of a novel cyclohexanone derivative (CHD; Ethyl 6-(4-metohxyphenyl)-2-oxo-4-phenylcyclohexe-3-enecarboxylate) was described and the subsequent aim to perform an in vitro , vivo silico pharmacological evaluation as putative anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory agent mice. Initial studies revealed that CHD inhibited both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes it also ...