The unilateral or bilateral lesion of the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by chemical neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) or 1- Methyl-4- phenyl -1,2,3,6 – tetirahydro pyridine (MPTP) are the most commonly and the main used methods for generating the animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). But these agents are expensive, dangerous, difficult to use and inacce...

Evidence was presented earlier that a host-cell receptor for the highly neurotropic rabies virus might be the acetylcholine receptor. The amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein of rabies virus was compared by computer analysis with that of snake venom curaremimetic neurotoxins, potent ligands of the acetylcholine receptor. A statistically significant sequence relation was found between a segme...

Neurotoxins and fillers continue to remain in high demand, comprising a large part of the growing business of cosmetic minimally invasive procedures. Multiple Food and Drug Administration-approved safe yet different products exist within each category, and the role of each product continues to expand. The authors review the literature to provide an overview of the use of neurotoxins and fillers...

Botulinum toxin is an injectable neuromodulator derived from neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. The human face made up of a complex network muscles that work together to create facial expressions and perform essential functions. Clinicians who understand anatomy functional relationships between in neck can use botulinum safely selectively weaken ...