In recent years, 3D laser scanning technology has been applied to tunnel engineering. Although more intelligent than traditional measurement technology, it is still challenging estimate the real-time deformation of NATM excavation from detection and ranging point clouds. To further improve accuracy in construction process, this paper proposes an improved Kriging filtering algorithm. Considering...

Abstract Based on the principle of virtual power, equilibrium conditions are established for forces within a cross section tunnel top heading driven according New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). External forces, namely impost actions and ground pressure distributions following third-order polynomial, analytically linked with internal such as axial bending moments, arising integrals over shell...