T cells play an essential role in regulating mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent observations on T helper cell differentiation and activation by regulatory transcription factors-especially T-bet-in chronic inflammatory diseases have provided new perspectives for understanding mucosal immunity. Here we summarise recent advances in the field of transcription factors and...

Mucosal vaccination is a perspective for the control of infectious diseases, since it is capable of inducing humoral and cell-mediated responses. In addition, the delivery of vaccines to mucosal surfaces makes immunization practice safe and acceptable, and eliminates needle-associated risks. Transgenic plants can be used as bioreactors for the production of mucosally delivered protective antige...

Mucosal damage is a key feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and healing the mucosa an endpoint IBD treatment that often difficult to achieve. Autonomic neurons parasympathetic sympathetic nervous system may influence intestinal epithelial cell growth modulating innervation could for reason serve as interesting therapeutic option improve mucosal healing. Understanding biological process...

introduction domestic and industrial swallowing of caustic substances can cause acute and chronic injuries. in the acute phase of care, focus is on the immediate control of tissue damage and perforation, and in the chronic phase, the focus is on the treatment of pharyngeal narrowing and impaired swallowing. conclusions treatment of esophageal burn lesions is by immediate and delayed removing of...

Mucosal vaccination offer an advantage over systemic inoculation from the immunological viewpoint. The development of efficient vaccine is now a priority for emerging diseases such as COVID-19, that was declared pandemic in 2020 and caused millions deaths globally. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially Lactobacillus are vital microbiota gut, which observed having valuable effects on animals’ hu...