Previous research indicates that at least some children with specific language impairment (SLI) show a reduced neural response when non-linguistic tones were presented at rapid rates. However, this past research has examined older children, and it is unclear whether such deficits emerge earlier in development. It is also unclear whether atypical refractory effects differ for linguistic versus n...

Understanding diagrams and using them in problem solving requires extensive knowledge about the properties of diagrams, what diagram elements denote, how their parts are distinguished and referenced, how they relate to linguistic statements, and so forth. This knowledge is most naturally represented linguistically. Nonetheless, diagrams or imaginal representations of them are used in substantiv...

This paper presents a question generation system based on the approach of semantic rewriting. State-of-the-art deep linguistic parsing and generation tools are employed to map natural language sentences into their meaning representations in the form of Minimal Recursion Semantics (mrs) and vice versa. By carefully operating on the semantic structures, we obtain a principled way of generating qu...

XML and related W3C standards (XSLT, XML Schema, XPath, DOM, etc.) take often part in the linguistic data representation and interchange today but not as a direct way to implement efficient data manipulation software tools. The aim of the paper is to show that incorporation of XML and the standards that surrounds it can bring general applicability of the implemented system for various kinds of ...

A formalism is a set of notation with well-defined semantics (namely for the interpretation of the symbols used and their manipulation), by means of which one formally expresses certain domain knowledge, which is to be utilised for specific purposes. In this paper, we are interested in formalisms which are being used or have applications in the domain of machine translation (MT). These can rang...

Objective: There is a large theoretical literature regarding stock market manipulation. However, empirical evidence of manipulation remains scare especially in emerging markets like Iran. So, it is vital to detect and prevent. Manipulation distorts prices, thereby reducing market efficiency and harms public confidence. Distorted prices increase market volatility and risk. This study empirically...

The present paper is a literary stylistic study that illustrates in George Orwell's novel Animal Farm the imagery, allegorical meaning, linguistic exploitation or manipulation of words. One most traditional features and an integral part its imagery Orwell 's sophisticated sensitivity to political abuse language Inwardly, this allegory relates power struggle, usurpation, coercion, manipulation, ...