Many modern pharmaceutical therapies such as vaccines and macromolecular drugs benefit from transdermal delivery. Conventional transdermal drug delivery via hypodermic needles causes pain, non-compliance, and potential contamination. Alternative transdermal strategies that deliver drugs in a quick, reliable, painless, and inexpensive way are needed. Jet injectors, which deliver drugs through th...

Using the Yguazú-a three-dimensional hydrodynamic code, we have computed a set of numerical simulations of heavy, supersonic, radiatively cooling jets including variabilities in both the ejection direction (precession) and the jet velocity (intermittence). In order to investigate the effects of jet rotation on the shape of the line profiles, we also introduce an initial toroidal rotation veloci...

Experimental measurements and flow visualization of synthetic jets and continuous jets with matched Reynolds numbers are described. Although they have the same profile shape, synthetic jets are wider and slower than matched continuous jets. The synthetic jets are examined at higher Reynolds numbers than previously studied and over a large range of dimensionless stroke lengths. Nomenclature b cr...

We present high spatial resolution optical integral field spectroscopy of a collimated Herbig-Haro jet viewed nearly edge-on. Maps of the line emission, velocity centroid, and velocity dispersion were generated for the Hα and [S II] emission features from the inner collimated jet and exciting source region of the HH 34 outflow. The kinematic structure of the jet shows several maxima and minima ...

We present high angular resolution (down to ∼ 1.5′′) interferometric maps of the CO J = 1→0 and J = 2→1 emission in the molecular outflow associated with the extremely young HH 211 jet, which is located in the IC 348 molecular complex. At velocities close to the systemic velocity, the CO emission traces the outflow cavities, while an extremely collimated, continuous jet-like structure is observ...

dry areas near the sea can obtain fresh water through solar distillation of saline sea water resources. however, these solar distillation sites produce wastewater as a result of desalination of sea water with high salt concentration. waste must be disposed of with the least effect on the receiving environment (sea, in most cases). initial dilution and its characteristics play important roles in...

This paper studies the trajectories and near field of round jets in crossflow. Incompressible direct numerical simulations are performed at velocity ratios of 1.5 and 5.7 and the effects of jet velocity profile and boundary layer thickness on the jet trajectory are examined. The ‘rd ’ scaling used at present (Margason 1993) does not contain any information on these parameters, and trajectories ...

We consider radiation of relativistic electrons accelerated within the jet extended boundary layer. Due to velocity shear across the boundary the observed jet/counterjet brightness ratio is diminished as compared to the one derived for the jet spine. Thus the jet Lorentz factor evaluated from the observed jet asymmetry can be an underestimated value influenced by observation of the slower bound...

Although various hydrodynamic models have been used in past analyses of squid jet propulsion, no previous investigations have definitively determined the fluid structure of the jets of steadily swimming squid. In addition, few accurate measurements of jet velocity and other jet parameters in squid have been reported. We used digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) to visualize the jet flow ...

An expansion in terms of the ratio lambda of the characteristic crossflow velocity U infinity to jet velocity Uj, where lambda=U infinity/Uj<<1, is used to obtain a representation of the basic three-dimensional steady flow in the nearfield of a transverse jet at large Reynolds numbers and to study its dominant instability. The inviscid vortex sheet analysis of Coelho and Hunt is extended so as ...