Insulin, glucagon, and insulin/glucagon mixtures have been infused for four days into the left portal vein of dogs after portacaval shunt. In the left but not in the right liver lobes, insulin alone reduced atrophy, preserved hepatocyte ultrastructure, and trebled cell renewal. Glucagon alone had no effect. In small doses, glucagon did not potentiate the action of insulin and in large doses it ...

Glucagon secretion involves a combination of paracrine, autocrine, hormonal, and autonomic neural mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes often presents impaired glucagon suppression by insulin and glucose. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) has elevated homology with insulin, and regulates pancreatic β-cells insulin secretion. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors share considerable structure homology and functio...

As a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, glucagon plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Compared with healthy subjects, diabetic...

Glycemic instability is a serious problem in patients with insulin-deficient diabetes, and it may be due in part to abnormal endogenous glucagon secretion. However, the intracellular metabolic mechanism(s) involved in the aberrant glucagon response under the condition of insulin deficiency has not yet been elucidated. To investigate the metabolic traits that underlie the distortion of glucagon ...

Glucagon, a key hormone in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, acts as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin by promoting hepatic glucose output. Under normal conditions, insulin and glucagon operate in concert to maintain the glucose level within a narrow physiological range. In diabetes, however, while insulin secretion or action is insufficient, the production and secretion of glucagon ...

The aim of this study was to describe an adaptation of the glucagon test allowing the simultaneous characterization of insulin secretion and sensitivity. A glucagon test (1 mg/m2) was performed in healthy subjects (n = 11), obese patients (n = 5), insulin-dependent diabetics (n = 9), nonobese noninsulin-dependent diabetics (n = 7), and overweight noninsulin-dependent diabetics (n = 8). Previous...

Milk-fed calves were used as a source of hepatocytes to establish monlayers to test the effects of chronic (41 h) incubation with no hormone, 100 nM insulin, or 100 nM glucagon on gluconeogenesis (glucose retained as glycogen plus glucose released into the medium) from 2.5 mM [2-(14)C]propionate and 2.0 mM [U-14C]lactate (1.0 mM lactate plus 1.0 mM pyruvate) during a subsequent 3-h (acute) incu...

BACKGROUND During severe hypoglycemic episodes, people with diabetes depend on others to help with treatment. We compared needle-free nasal glucagon and commercially available injectable glucagon for ease of use by caregivers of people with diabetes and by others in treating simulated episodes of severe hypoglycemia. METHODS Sixteen instructed caregivers and 15 noninstructed acquaintances adm...

conclusions the applied therapy adaptation before and after exercises was adequate to avoid hypoglycemia while using an ultra-long-acting insulin. objectives the aim of this experimental, cross-sectional study was to investigate exercise intensity-dependent, short-acting insulin reductions to avoid hypoglycemia, applying standardized exercises using insulin degludec (®tresiba/novo nordisk, denm...

The effect of glucagon (50 ng/kg/min) on arterial glycerol concentration and net splanchnic production of total ketones and glucose was studied after an overnight fast in four normal and five insulin-dependent diabetic men. Brachial artery and hepatic vein catheters were inserted and splanchnic blood flow determined using indocyanine green. The glucagon infusion resulted in a mean circulating p...