Our study explores the effect of market volatility expectations, captured by the implied volatility index (VIX), aka ‘‘investors’ fear gauge,’’ on investors’ reactions to analyst recommendation revisions. We find that positive (negative) excess returns following recommendation upgrades (downgrades) are stronger when accompanied by daily VIX decreases (increases). A rational explanation for the ...

Two new problems of bivalent propositional logic are proposed here: firstly, to distinguish the sense of propositions, besides the logical value and secondly, to analyze the ”ponderal” difference between two parts of a proposition: subject-predicate. 1 Relational projections and extensions Let r = (A1, A2, A3, R) be a ternary relation (see [3]). Starting with this, we may define three binary re...

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan are microbial products recognized by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, respectively. LPS has been found to cause behavioural alterations indicative of sickness and depressed mood. The effect of peptidoglycan on exploratory and affective behaviour has not yet been explored, although i...

According to the received view (for example [9]), there are three logico-semantic moods: indicative, imperative and interrogative, and there are two main components in natural language sentences: modal element (which determines sentence’s mood) and sentence radical. On the other hand, it seems that the received view on the sentence components is challenged by the fact that there are two ways to...

In Wehmeier (2004) we are presented with the subjunctive modal language, a way of dealing with the expressive inadequacy of modal logic by marking atomic predicates as being either in the subjunctive or indicative mood. Wehmeier claims that this language is expressively equivalent to the standard actuality language, and that despite this the markedunmarked dichotomies are not the same in the tw...

BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is commonly regarded as a functional disorder, and is hypothesized to be associated with anxiety and depression. This evidence mainly rests on population-based studies utilising self-report screening instruments for psychopathology. Other studies applying structured clinical interviews are generally based on small clinical samples, which are vulnerable ...