second chapters of the books, jami‘ al-alh?an, maq?s?id al-alh?an and sharh?-i adwar that are all important compilations dealing with music have written by ‘abd al-qadir maraghi appropriates to fretting the string instruments. maraghi has mentioned various methods, which are mainly based on s?af? al-din urmawi’s views, for determining the ratio between the notes, yet he has also contributed sev...

there is no doubt that colors are important factors in creating arts including poetry. the poets use them because of their visual beauties to show their hidden values. sometimes they go further – beyond the external features – ad use colors as symbols to express their own meaning. moreover, modern poet’s deep insight and vision are the main causes to change the colorful portrait to a bright won...

salm ibn amr khasir the first abbasid poet born in basra.he was a pupil and narrator of the poet bashar ibn burd. he acquired his nickname (the loser),when he sold a copy of the quran in exchange for a book of verse; other explanations are also given. when young,he moved to baghdad and became a panegyrist of the ‘abbasid caliphs,the barmakids, in especial fadl barmaki,and other leading persons....