The Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (SERA) and serine repeat protein homologue (SERPH) contain highly conserved domains that appear to encode cysteine proteases or related proteins. Humoral immune responses against the protease domains of SERA and SERPH were evaluated. Malaria-immune Africans, but not nonimmune controls, demonstrated potent humoral responses against the protease dom...

Objective(s): Many types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified, with some leading to cancer and others to skin lesions such as anogenital warts. Studies have demonstrated an association between oncogenic HPV and cervical cancer and many researchers have focused on therapeutic vaccines development. At present, the modulatory effect of opioids on the innate and acquired immune sys...

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in world. Rh, NED and Me49 are of the most prevalent clonal types of the parasite isolated till now. Differences in pathogenicity and virulence of different types have been investigated in different studies. No controlled study was performed to compare the ability of different types to initiate humoral immune response. We inves...

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is endemic in the northwest and south of Iran. An appropriate vaccine can help to prevent and control visceral leishmaniasis in both humans and animals. Few studies have confirmed that the fucose-mannose ligand (FML) antigen of Leishmania donovani produced protective immunity in dogs against CVL. Objective: To evaluat...

The development of a successful vaccine against HIV is likely to require the induction of strong and long-lasting humoral immune responses at the mucosal portal of virus entry. Hence, the design of a vaccine strategy able to induce mucosal antibodies and in particular specific IgA, may be crucial to providing immune protection. Nasal immunisation is known to induce specific IgG and IgA response...