Holospora spp. and "Candidatus Gortzia infectiva", known as Holospora-like bacteria (HLB), are commonly found as nuclear endosymbionts of ciliates, especially the Paramecium genus. HLB are related by phylogenetic relationships, morphological features, and life-cycles, which involve two alternating morphotypes: reproductive and infectious forms (RF, IF). In this paper we describe a novel species...

A systematic approach to selection of surfactants for disrupting biological membranes, for solubilizing their components, and for removing the surfactant by dialysis is described. The two relevant surfactant parameters were the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Rat liver mitochondria were treated with two series of nonionic surfactants and the exte...

BACKGROUND Greening or huanglongbing (HLB) is a debilitating disease of citrus caused by Candidatus Liberibactor asiaticus and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. HLB now occurs worldwide in all major citrus growing regions except the Mediterranean and Australia. Management relies principally on insecticidal control of the ACP vector, but is insufficient, even for y...

Emulsion type is often related to the preferential solubility of the emulsifying agent in one of the Phases (Bancroft rule). Recently, however, emulsion type has been interpreted quantitatively, though purely empirically, according to the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) classification. The relation of HLB numbers to the solubility of the emulsifying agent in the oil or water phases is disc...

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases that affects citrus trees worldwide and is associated with the yet uncultured bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp. To assess the metabolomic differences between HLB-asymptomatic and -symptomatic tissues, extracts from leaf and root samples taken from a uniform 6-year-old commercial orchard of Valencia trees were subjected to nuclear magnet...

Abstract Citrus fruit are important crops in many regions of the world and valuable sources carbohydrates, fibre health-promoting compounds. Like other crops, production these fruits is affected by a range pests pathogens that can affect sustainable development citriculture. The most devastating huanglongbing (HLB), bacterial disease caused species liberibacters, spread insect vectors. Currentl...

It is possible to alter the permeability of ethyl cellulose membrane with certain materials such as surfactants. In this study the effect of surfactant concentration and different HLB values on the release rate of atenolol from ethyl cellulose-coated tablets was evaluated. The results showed that when the concentration of surfactant increased, the rate of drug release also increased. The kineti...

Symptoms of huanglongbing (HLB) were reported in São Paulo State (SPS), Brazil, in March 2004. In Asia, HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and in Africa by 'Candidatus Liberibacter africanus'. Detection of the liberibacters is based on PCR amplification of their 16S rRNA gene with specific primers. Leaves with blotchy mottle symptoms characteristic of HLB were sampled in sever...

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The disease is caused by Gram-negative, phloem-limited α-proteobacterium, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', vectored by the psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Citrus plants infected by the HLB bacterium may not show visible symptoms sometimes for years following infection and non-unifo...

Nutrient resorption processes in the plants infected by pathogen remain poorly understood. Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease of citrus. HLB-pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' grows specifically in the phloem of hosts and may cause problems in the plant vascular system after infection. Therefore, it brings a great concern about the phloem nutrient transport and nutrient intr...