Most natural language parsers require their input to be grammatical. This significantly constrains the search space that they must explore during parsing. Parsers which attempt to recover from extragrammatical input contend with a search space that is potentially much larger, since they cannot necessarily prune branches when grammatical expectations are violated. In this paper we discuss the co...

– from a linguistic perspective – from a formal perspective • Locality of grammatical relations in HPSG 3 HPSG grammars from a linguistic perspective From a linguistic perspective, an HPSG grammar consists of • a lexicon licensing basic words • lexical rules licensing derived words • immediate dominance (id) schemata licensing constituent structure • linear precedence (lp) statements constraini...

to study the causes of difficulties in understanding the german short story bypersian learners from the perspective of text linguistics first we have searchedthe factors of cohesion and coherence in german texts in a short story. then wehave checked its translations by the students and observed that these people arefamiliar with the grammatical structure of each sentence and the vocabulary ofth...

when studying russian morphology, one can distinguish two categories. these categories are “grammatical” and “lexico-grammatical”. grammatical categories can be specified through a series of grammatical features of words. considering different criteria, russian grammarians and linguists divide grammatical categories of their language into different types. in determining lexico-grammatical types...

Children acquire the syntactic structure of their native language with remarkable speed and reliability. Recent work in developmental psycholinguistics suggests that children may bootstrap grammatical categories and basic syntactic structure by exploiting distributional, phonological, and prosodic cues. However, these cues are probabilistic, and are individually unreliable. In this paper, we pr...

Many studies reveal a strong impact of childhood maltreatment on language development, mainly resulting in shorter utterances, less rich vocabulary, or a delay in grammatical complexity. However, different theories suggest the possibility for resilience-a positive adaptation to an otherwise adverse environment-in children who experienced childhood maltreatment. Here, we investigated different m...

     Today, everything has changed and this has brought a need for learning a second language. Most countries across the world use English as their second/foreign language and the fundamental part of this process is grammar, i.e., the combination of sound, structure, and meaning system of language. A sentence can be composed of several words, clauses, as well as grammatical rules. These grammat...

This paper discusses some of the design criteria for a linguistic ontology that can be used to support multilingual and crosslinguistic searches and queries on the Internet. It focuses on integrating linguistic concepts and instances into an upper-level ontology, and shows that the result can be understood and analyzed as a feature (structure) system. It considers various types of linguistic st...

s grammatical structure from all irrelevant contexts, from its

the present study-both qualitative and quantitative--explored fifty efl learners’ preferences for receiving error feedback on different grammatical units as well as their beliefs about teacher feedback strategies. the study also examined the effect of the students’ level of writing ability on their views about the importance of teacher feedback on different error types. data was gathered throug...